Journal
CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 523-527Publisher
CHIN SOCIETY IMMUNOLOGY
DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00529-z
Keywords
peripheral helper T cells; T follicular helper cells; CXCL13; Autoantibodies; autoimmune diseases
Categories
Funding
- Advanced Research and Development Programs for Medical Innovation (AMED-CREST) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
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The interactions between CD4(+)T cells and B cells are crucial for antibody responses and autoimmune diseases. Recent studies identified a new subset of CD4(+)B helper T cells called peripheral helper T (Tph) cells, which provide help to B cells in inflamed tissues and share some functions with Tfh cells.
The interactions of CD4(+)T cells and B cells are fundamental for the generation of protective antibody responses, as well as for the development of harmful autoimmune diseases. Recent studies of human tissues and blood samples have established a new subset of CD4(+)B helper T cells named peripheral helper T (Tph) cells. Unlike T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which interact with B cells within lymphoid organs, Tph cells provide help to B cells within inflamed tissues. Tph cells share many B helper-associated functions with Tfh cells and induce B cell differentiation toward antibody-producing cells. The differentiation mechanism is also partly shared between Tph and Tfh cells in humans, and both Tfh and Tph cells can be found within the same tissues, including cancer tissues. However, Tph cells display features distinct from those of Tfh cells, such as the expression of chemokine receptors associated with Tph cell localization within inflamed tissues and a low Bcl-6/Blimp1 ratio. Unlike that of Tfh cells, current evidence shows that the target of Tph cells is limited to memory B cells. In this review, we first summarize recent findings on human Tph cells and discuss how Tph and Tfh cells play shared and distinct roles in human diseases.
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