Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
K. Saravanakumar, C. Suresh Kumar, V Arumugam
Summary: The study demonstrated that changing the interply fiber orientation can significantly enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness and delamination resistance. The diversion of crack path along the fiber orientation offers more resistance to crack propagation, leading to an increase in fracture toughness. Furthermore, the calculation of sentry function enables the evaluation of delamination resistance.
STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
M. Elhadary, A. Hamdy, W. Shaker
Summary: The study investigated the extrinsic non-autonomic self-healing of composite material in two cases of crack, with and without bridging phenomena. It was found that bridging significantly increased the efficiency of crack healing, demonstrating the importance of bridging in enhancing self-healing capabilities.
ALEXANDRIA ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Hilal, Rafiullah Khan
Summary: The degradation of composite properties due to water absorption poses a severe threat to their application in marine structures and humid environments. Research shows that glass fiber composite materials exhibit significantly reduced fracture toughness under mixed mode loading after exposure to sea water aging, with interfacial debonding identified as a leading failure mechanism.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Jared S. Aaldenberg, Emily M. Aaldenberg, Catalin R. Picu, Vineet Negi, Peter J. Lezzi
Summary: This paper presents a simple method for measuring the Mode I fracture toughness, K-IC, of glass using the double cantilever beam (DCB) geometry. An inert atmosphere is used to prevent subcritical crack growth and pin the crack during the specimen's failure. Experimental results show good agreement between the K-IC values measured by this method and the published literature values for selected glasses. The applicability of an analytical stress intensity factor solution based on crack length, crack front curvature, and crack guiding groove height is confirmed through experimental data and finite element analysis. The crack front curvature observed experimentally is predicted using finite element modeling based on the geometry of the DCB specimen.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Xiling Liu, Yuan Zeng, Changgen Xia, Huini Liu, Qin Xie, Yuchen Zhong
Summary: Understanding the fracture characteristics and size effect of rocks is crucial for predicting the behavior of rock masses and designing underground structures. In this study, three-point bending fracture experiments were conducted on specimens of different sizes, and the fracture characteristics were analyzed using DIC and AE technologies. The results showed that the Fracture process zone (FPZ) length and fracture toughness of granite are size-dependent parameters, with the FPZ length growth rate increasing with increasing load level. Tensile failure was the dominant failure mode during fracture, and the proportion of tensile failure increased with specimen size. The temporal b value, average AF value, and RA value showed corresponding stage changes with time, with the minimum b value, minimum AF value, and maximum RA value characterizing the maximum macroscopic growth rate.
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Amit Ramji, Yigeng Xu, Marzio Grasso, Mehdi Yasaee, Philip Webb
Summary: The experimental study found that the delamination resistance of 5-harness satin woven laminates is influenced by both interfacial fiber orientation and veil density, with the 90/45 fiber orientation bias exhibiting the greatest resistance, while increasing veil density has limited additional benefits on resistance enhancement.
COMPOSITES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Mechanics
Yue Liu, Gong-dong Wang, Yichao Shen, Ebo Blackie, Long He
Summary: A comprehensive experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the toughening behavior of PES and CNTs interleaf in CFRP composites. The influence of four different environmental conditions on mode II fracture toughness (GIIC) was discussed. Results showed that CNTs and PES/CNT1 interleaves significantly enhanced the GIIC by 118.4% and 317.81% respectively, and the hybrid PES/CNTs interleaf exhibited higher mode II fracture toughness and greater adaptability to the environment. Experimental results and SEM images demonstrated the fracture behavior.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Melike Kilicoglu, Erhan Bat, Guengoer Guenduez, Mustafa Utku Yildirim, Kamil Urgun, Bora Mavis
Summary: Interleaving fiber reinforced layered composites with thermoplastic veils can activate different toughening mechanisms. The blend composition plays a crucial role in activating these mechanisms.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper investigates the interlaminar fracture of pultruded glass fiber-polymer structural members and proposes a testing methodology. The results show that the Modified Beam Theory method performs the best for crack propagation in Mode I, while the Corrected beam theory using effective crack length and the Experimental compliance method yield differences lower than 1% from experiments in Mode II.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Yu Gong, Dingli Tian, Tiancheng Cao, Libin Zhao, Jianyu Zhang, Ning Hu, Chuanzeng Zhang
Summary: In this study, a novel delamination growth criterion considering the significant R-curve effects was proposed for mixed-mode I/II delamination predictions. Its adequacy and accuracy were validated by experimental data for two different composite materials. The proposed criterion is easy to use with only two experimentally obtained parameters.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Christophe Floreani, Colin Robert, Parvez Alam, Peter Davies, Conchur M. O. Bradaigh
Summary: This study investigates the interlaminar fracture toughness, in-plane mechanical properties, and mixed-mode critical strain energy release rate of powder epoxy composites. The results show that the toughness of this material is significantly higher than that of other epoxy composites, making it suitable for manufacturing structures where there is a risk of delamination.
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Mahdy Ahangar, Milad Saeedifar
Summary: This study investigates the effect of dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment of glass fibers on the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composite laminates. The results show that the plasma treatment significantly improves the toughness of the specimens, but does not increase the chemical bonding strength between the fibers and resin. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the plasma treatment enhances the adhesion of the fibers to epoxy.
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Mohamad Alsaadi, Ahmet Erklig
Summary: The incorporation of sewage sludge ash (SSA) waste particles in glass fabric-reinforced epoxy composites improved the interlaminar fracture toughness of mode I and reduced the impact of UV aging on the composite properties.
IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Fan Zhang, Xin Liu, Yaoyao Ye, Qisen Chen, Qiang Xu, Yunbo Bi
Summary: Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) technology is efficient and accurate, making it suitable for manufacturing composite structures with complex geometry. However, the imperfections caused by this automated method pose challenges to the stability of the composite's mechanical properties. This study experimentally investigates the influence of AFP-induced gaps and overlaps on interlaminar fracture in oven-cured laminates. The findings show that the fracture toughness of the laminates is slightly reduced in the presence of gaps, but significantly increased in the presence of overlaps. Fractographic studies reveal that the increased fracture area and crack length improve the fracture toughness in the overlap group, while the resin-rich area induced by gaps negatively affects delamination resistance.
CHINESE JOURNAL OF AERONAUTICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
H. Salimi-Mofrad, A. Rahbar Ranji, H. Saghafi
Summary: In this research, the fracture toughness of composite laminates was improved by embedding polyamide 66 nanofibers between the layers. The results showed that adding nanofibers of specific thicknesses significantly increased the fracture toughness in Mode-II loading. Acoustic emission method and SEM micrographs were used to examine the key features and failure mechanisms.
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Nicola Spignoli, Giangiacomo Minak
Summary: This study aims to investigate the fatigue behavior of thin-walled structures and the potential impact of post-process treatments. Specimens with novel geometry were produced using selective laser melting (SLM) technology and subjected to different treatments. The results showed that mechanical treatments and T6 quenching significantly improved the fatigue strength. Microscopic observations and measurement of density and porosity were performed. The study concluded that the thickness did not affect fatigue life in the cases studied.
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Milad Saeedifar, Hossein Hosseini Toudeshky
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of interlaminar and intralaminar damage mechanisms on the quasi-static indentation strength of composite laminates. Two types of carbon/epoxy laminates were fabricated and subjected to quasi-static out-of-plane indentation loading. The results showed that the dominant damage mechanism in one specimen was a transverse matrix crack, while another specimen exhibited both transverse matrix crack and delamination. The ultimate indentation strength of the latter specimen was 1.6 times higher than the former, despite similar initial damage loads. Acoustic emission signals and finite element modeling were used to study the damage state and mechanisms, which were consistent with the experimental observations.
APPLIED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Milad Saeedifar, Mohamed Nasr Saleh
Summary: This article investigates the effect of alternating the sequence of variable-energy repeated low-velocity impact on the residual strength of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The results showed that the residual strength of the specimens was not significantly affected by alternating the impacts sequence. However, the impact-induced damage in HML configuration was activated much earlier than MLH, and the damage induced in LMH configuration was activated later than both.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Sakineh Fotouhi, Maher Assaad, Mohamed Nasor, Ahmed Imran, Akram Ashames, Mohammad Fotouhi
Summary: The aim of this study was to find the correlation between failure modes and acoustic emission (AE) events in a comprehensive range of thin-ply pseudo-ductile hybrid composite laminates when loaded under uniaxial tension. A multivariable clustering method using Gaussian mixture model was employed to analyze the correlation between failure modes and AE signals, which identified two AE clusters corresponding to fragmentation and delamination modes.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Milad Saeedifar, Mohamed Nasr Saleh, Anouar Krairi, Sofia Teixeira de Freitas, Dimitrios Zarouchas
Summary: This study proposes a comprehensive integrity assessment approach for a full-scale adhesively-bonded bi-material joint for maritime applications. By integrating Acoustic Emission (AE), Fiber Optic Sensor (FOS), and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques, the damage initiation, severity, critical regions, and different damage mechanisms of the joint can be successfully detected and assessed.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Sakineh Fotouhi, Meisam Jalalvand, Michael R. Wisnom, Mohammad Fotouhi
Summary: This paper introduces new structural health monitoring sensors designed to improve the detection of low energy impact damage in laminated composites. The sensors are composed of a specially designed thin-ply hybrid composite, and were incorporated onto both the impacted face and back of a substrate plate made from unidirectional carbon/epoxy prepregs. Experimental results showed that the sensors functioned well and provided direct correlations between visible and internal hidden damage detected by C-scan.
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Ali Tabatabaeian, Bruno Jerkovic, Philip Harrison, Elena Marchiori, Mohammad Fotouhi
Summary: Visual inspection is commonly used for evaluating surface damage in aerospace composite structures, but it has limitations in detecting barely visible impact damage. This research conducted low velocity impact tests on composite panels to define the range of barely visible impact damage (BVID). Deep learning models were trained and tested to detect BVID from impact images, with the sensor-integrated samples improving the accuracy and training time. The proposed damage recognition method can serve as an efficient and accurate structural health monitoring tool for composite structures.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Mehdi Farajpour, Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi
Summary: The mechanical behavior and propagation of the initial crack of Mode-I in carbon/epoxy filament wound (FW) composite curve beams were studied using the acoustic emission (AE) method. The momentary position of the interlayer delamination tip during growth was predicted by determining the speed of the AE waves and providing a method to filter unwanted signals. The results showed the significant influence of fiber bridging length on the Mode-I delamination fracture toughness, and good agreement was observed between the fracture toughness values obtained from the AE method and the standard ASTM D5528.
JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Sajad Alimirzaei, Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi, Amir Bani Mohammad Ali, Lotfollah Pahlavan
Summary: The aim of this research is to investigate the failure mechanisms of filament-wound composite tubes under axial compressional loading using an acoustic emission approach. Experimental tests and numerical simulations were conducted to study the mechanical properties, buckling phenomenon, and crashworthiness characteristics of the tubes. The results showed that the damage behavior of the composite tubes was mainly dominated by local buckling and longitudinal cracks, and the fiber breakage and fiber/matrix separation controlled the damage and energy absorption.
JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Milad Saeedifar
Summary: This study quantifies impact damage in laminated composites using acoustic emission and verifies the results using finite element method. The results show that the acoustic emission method is applicable for identification and quantification of impact damage in composite structures.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Mahdy Ahangar, Milad Saeedifar
Summary: This study investigates the effect of dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment of glass fibers on the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composite laminates. The results show that the plasma treatment significantly improves the toughness of the specimens, but does not increase the chemical bonding strength between the fibers and resin. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the plasma treatment enhances the adhesion of the fibers to epoxy.
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Reza Mohammadi, Roya Akrami, Maher Assaad, Mohamed Nasor, Ahmed Imran, Mohammad Fotouhi
Summary: This study investigated the fatigue properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates and explored the effect of incorporating polysulfone nanofibers as an interleaving material. The results showed that adding polysulfone nanofibers significantly improved the fracture toughness and fatigue resistance of the composite laminates.
THEORETICAL AND APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Marine
Giangiacomo Minak
Summary: This paper examines the primary applications and recent developments of solar energy as the main power source in the maritime sector. A comprehensive review of literature identifies three prominent areas for advancing solar energy-powered boats: maritime drones, sporting boats, and short-range touristic vessels. The paper explores specific cases and discusses potential future perspectives.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Civil
Armin Dadras Eslamlou, Aliakbar Ghaderiaram, Mohammad Fotouhi, Erik Schlangen
Summary: The growing demand for life cycle sustainability has led to a significant interest in the use of Magnetic Sensors (MSs) for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) in civil engineering structures. This paper summarizes the recent advancements and applications of MSs in civil engineering, discussing the principle functions and comparative characteristics of different MSs. It also highlights the research challenges and discusses the roadmap towards achieving a high technology readiness level.
EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING (EWSHM 2022), VOL 3
(2023)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mohammadreza Lalegani Dezaki, Ahmad Serjouei, Ali Zolfagharian, Mohammad Fotouhi, Mahmoud Moradi, M. K. A. Arif, Mahdi Bodaghi
Summary: Additive manufacturing is a reliable technique for constructing complex metallic parts, but there are still challenges in metal printing. To improve product quality, hybrid manufacturing, specifically the additive/subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) process has been proposed. However, there are still limitations and drawbacks in current practices.
ADVANCED POWDER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Keyu Zhu, Xitao Zheng, Jing Peng, Jiaming Sun, Ruilin Huang, Leilei Yan
Summary: This paper discusses the influence of multiple impacts on the compression strength of honeycomb sandwich structures with composite face sheets. It is found that the size of the impactor affects the turning point of the compression strength. Additionally, high impact energy leads to damage in the bottom face sheet and reduces the overall compression strength.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Danqian Wang, Yanfei Yue, Jueshi Qian
Summary: Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement (MKPC) as a binder for steel rebars shows improved corrosion resistance when subjected to carbonation, due to the increase in pH and the formation of a more protective oxide film.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Zhibin Li, Wenyu Wang, Pengcheng Xue, Xingyu Wei, Jian Xiong
Summary: This work proposes a design approach and manufacturing method for carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) corrugated sandwich truncated cones (CSTC) to improve their anti-debonding ability and ensure reliability. The study establishes theoretical models for CSTCs' stiffness and failure modes, which are verified through experiments and finite element analysis (FEA). The research reveals the effect of geometric parameters on failure modes and performs an optimal design for CSTC structures. The findings have significant implications for the design and application of lightweight CSTCs in constructions, such as launch vehicle adapters.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mingyu Zhang, Lei Chu, Jiahua Chen, Fuxun Qi, Xiaoyan Li, Xinliang Chen, Deng-Guang Yu
Summary: This review summarizes the different structures and construction methods of fibrous membranes with asymmetric wettability. It also reviews the biological applications of these membranes and suggests future challenges.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
E. Mofakhami, L. Gervat, B. Fayolle, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Ovalle, L. Laiarinandrasana
Summary: This study investigates the effects of fibre concentration on the mechanical response of welded glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene (GF-PP). Experimental observations reveal a significant reduction in weld ratio, up to 60%, indicating a decreased strength compared to the bulk material. Increasing fibre content in the welded material results in a decrease in stress at break and strain at the maximum stress. The use of DIC technique and X-ray microtomography further confirms the localized strain amplification in the welded zone due to the significant increase in fibre density.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Emad Pourahmadi, Farjad Shadmehri, Rajamohan Ganesan
Summary: This research compares the mechanical properties of laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement and conventional autoclave curing methods. The results show that laminates manufactured using automated fiber placement have a lower interlaminar shear strength compared to laminates reconsolidated using autoclave curing. A finite element simulation method is proposed to quantitatively analyze these differences.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Johnny Jakobsen, Benny Endelt, Fahimeh Shakibapour
Summary: This study proposes a new bolted/pinned joining method for composite applications, which improves load transfer by introducing a patch-type reinforcement. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements in both static and fatigue load conditions compared to existing methods. Finite element simulations highlight the advantage of this method, as it creates a more efficient load-transferring mechanism through different stress distributions.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Gisele G. Cintra, Janine D. Vieira, Daniel C. T. Cardoso, Thomas Keller
Summary: This paper proposes a novel approach to assess multi-crack behavior in layered fiber-polymer composites. The generated Compliance and R-curves provide useful insights into understanding the multiple delamination process and allow for separate evaluation of strain energy release rate (SERR) for each crack. The developed cohesive zone model successfully simulates the failure process zone of three parallel cracks, showing good agreement between the numerical model and experimental results.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Renil Thomas Kidangan, Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, C. Krishnamurthy, Krishnan Balasubramaniam
Summary: The induction heating process can accurately identify fiber orientation and stacking order, making it a valuable tool for large-area inspection and quality control in manufacturing fiber-reinforced composites.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sungjun Hwang, Yousoo Han, Douglas J. Gardner
Summary: Bleached Kraft pulp, unbleached Kraft pulp, and old corrugated cardboard pulp are suitable for producing cellulose nanofibril suspensions. Spray drying is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and scalable drying method. Spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils can be used as reinforcing materials in polypropylene matrices. The particle size of cellulose nanofibrils affects the material properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Mehdi Mahdavi, Abbas Zolfaghari
Summary: This study aims to improve the recovery forces of shape memory polymers (SMPs) through material extrusion additive manufacturing. By using glass fiber (GF) as reinforcement and manufacturing multi-layer composite specimens, it was found that PLA with 6.62% GF exhibited the best recovery force, which was further optimized through annealing heat treatment.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Review
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xiang Ao, Antonio Vazquez-Lopez, Davide Mocerino, Carlos Gonzalez, De-Yi Wang
Summary: The vulnerability of natural fibers to heat and fire poses a significant challenge for their substitution of traditional fiber reinforcements in composite materials. Natural fiber/polymer composites (NFCs) are regarded as potential candidates for engineering applications due to their environmental friendliness and low-impact sourcing. Thus, appropriate approaches need to be implemented to enhance the fire safety of NFCs. This review summarizes and discusses the latest understanding of flammability and thermal properties of natural fibers, with a special focus on their interaction with polymer matrix in fire behavior. Additionally, the latest developments in flame-retardant approaches for NFCs are reviewed, covering both flame retardancy and fire structural integrity. Finally, future prospects and perspectives on fire safety of NFCs are proposed, providing insights into further advancements of NFCs.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Qi Zhang, Pingan Song, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: The demand for multifunctional, transparent epoxy resin with superior dielectric, mechanical, and fire-safety performances is increasing in modern industries. Researchers have developed an epoxidized, phosphaphenanthrene-containing poly(styrene butadiene styrene) (ESD) for advanced fire-safe epoxy resin, which maintains high transparency and improves UV-blocking property. The addition of 10 wt% ESD results in improved mechanical properties, decreased dielectric constant and loss, and outperformance compared to other fire-safe epoxy resins. This research provides an effective method for developing multifunctional flame-retardant epoxy resin.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Bo Pang, Heping Zheng, Zuquan Jin, Dongshuai Hou, Yunsheng Zhang, Xiaoyun Song, Yanan Sun, Zhiyong Liu, Wei She, Lin Yang, Mengyuan Li
Summary: This study develops an internal superhydrophobic material (ISM) using waste denitrification fly ash, which maintains stable hydrophobicity under harsh conditions of use and does not rely on expensive fluor-based surface modifications. The synthesized ISM has excellent matrix strength, strong waterproof properties, and retains superhydrophobicity even at damaged or friction interfaces.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Meirbek Mussatayev, Qiuji Yi, Mark Fitzgerald, Vincent K. Maes, Paul Wilcox, Robert Hughes
Summary: Real-time monitoring of carbon fibre composites during Automated Fibre Placement (AFP) manufacturing remains a challenge for non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. This study designed a directional eddy-current (EC) probe to evaluate the detectability of out-of-plane wrinkles. Experimental evaluations and finite element modeling were conducted to better understand the relationship between eddy-current density and defect detection. The findings suggest that the probe configuration with an asymmetric driver coil and differential pickup coils shows the best capability for wrinkle detection.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2024)
