In Situ Replenishment of Formation Cycle Lithium-Ion Loss for Enhancing Battery Life

In situ replenishment of formation cycle lithium-ion loss is considered for the development of longer-lasting rechargeable batteries, containing a thin lithium reservoir-electrode to mitigate the formation cycle capacity loss. Synchronized lithium and lithium-ion batteries (SLLIB) deliver specific charge-discharge capacities of 147/145 mAh g(-1)for mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) versus LiFePO(4)and 186/171 mAh g(-1)for C-Si versus LiNi(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O(2)at 0.2 C. The energy-reduced cells (due to solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation) are replenished and achieved an increased energy density of 455 Wh kg(-1)with retained flat-voltage profile for SLLIB-MCMB versus LiFePO(4)and 576 Wh kg(-1)for SLLIB-C-Si versus LiNi(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O(2)through Li(+)ion in situ reservoir replenishment from the reservoir-electrode to the MCMB/C-Si anode. Furthermore, reserve mode cycling process delivers charge-discharge capacities of 126/124 mAh g(-1)for SLLIB-Li versus LiFePO(4)and 137/136 mAh g(-1)for SLLIB-Li versus LiNi(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O(2)at 0.2 C, associated with the Li(+)ion transportation between reservoir-electrode and LiFePO4/LiNi(1/3)Mn(1/3)Co(1/3)O(2)cathode, confirmed by the Li(+)ion diffusion path through MCMB and C-Si electrodes, using EIS analysis. Ultimately, the in situ reservoir replenishment, replenished cycling and reserve mode cycling processes of SLLIB leads to enhanced battery life.