Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 12, Issue 44, Pages 49398-49406Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14193
Keywords
additive nanomanufacturing; printed bioelectronics; deep learning algorithm; human-machine interface; electromyograms (EMGs)
Funding
- Georgia Research Alliance based in Atlanta, Georgia
- National Science Foundation [ECCS-2025462, NRI-2024742]
- Georgia Tech IEN Seed Grant
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Recent advances in flexible materials and wearable electronics offer a noninvasive, high-fidelity recording of biopotentials for portable healthcare, disease diagnosis, and machine interfaces. Current device-manufacturing methods, however, still heavily rely on the conventional cleanroom microfabrication that requires expensive, time-consuming, and complicated processes. Here, we introduce an additive nanomanufacturing technology that explores a contactless direct printing of aerosol nanomaterials and polymers to fabricate stretchable sensors and multilayered wearable electronics. Computational and experimental studies prove the mechanical flexibility and reliability of soft electronics, considering direct mounting to the deformable human skin with a curvilinear surface. The dry, skin-conformal graphene biosensor, without the use of conductive gels and aggressive tapes, offers an enhanced biopotential recording on the skin and multiple uses (over ten times) with consistent measurement of electromyograms. The combination of soft bioelectronics and deep learning algorithm allows classifying six classes of muscle activities with an accuracy of over 97%, which enables wireless, real-time, continuous control of external machines such as a robotic hand and a robotic arm. Collectively, the comprehensive study of nanomaterials, flexible mechanics, system integration, and machine learning shows the potential of the printed bioelectronics for portable, smart, and persistent human-machine interfaces.
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