Journal
PATHOGENS
Volume 9, Issue 7, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589
Keywords
West Nile virus; pathogenesis; control; one health
Categories
Funding
- Cooperative Research Centre for Developing Northern Australia (CRC-DNA)
- National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia
- Australian Research Council
- UQ Science with Impact Fund
- SVS Bequest Fund
- Australian Postgraduate Scholarship Award
- Adam Gillespie Memorial Scholarship for Animal Husbandry
- IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group Fritz Huchzermeyer Veterinary Science Student Research Assistance Scheme (FHVS-SRAS)
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West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and One Health implications of WNV infection and disease.
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