Journal
NUTRIENTS
Volume 12, Issue 8, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/nu12082340
Keywords
choline; TMA; TMAO; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); cardiovascular disease (CVD); chronic kidney diseases (CKD); probiotics; gut microbiota; polyphenols; fecal microbiota transplantation
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [PSI2017-83893-R]
- Ministry of Economy and Business (Spain) [PSI2015-73111-EXP, PSI2017-90806-REDT, AGL2017-83653R]
- postdoctoral Juan de la Cierva Contract (Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) [IJCI-2017-32156]
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Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life. Gut microbial metabolism of choline results in the production of trimethylamine (TMA), which, upon absorption by the host is converted into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver. A high accumulation of both components is related to cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and chronic kidney disease. However, the relationship between the microbiota production of these components and its impact on these diseases still remains unknown. In this review, we will address which microbes contribute to TMA production in the human gut, the extent to which host factors (e.g., the genotype) and diet affect TMA production, and the colonization of these microbes and the reversal of dysbiosis as a therapy for these diseases.
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