Journal
SENSORS
Volume 20, Issue 13, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/s20133675
Keywords
venlafaxine; modified electrode; voltammetry; electrochemical sensor
Funding
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences
- Kerman, Iran
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2016M3D1A1027666, 2017R1A2B3009135]
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran [98000289, EC/98-28/KNRC]
- China Scholarship Council [201808260042]
- Bio & Medical Technology Development Program [2018M3A9H1023141]
- Creative Materials Discovery Program through the NRF - Ministry of Science and ICT [2017M3D1A1039379]
- Basic Research Laboratory of the NRF - Korean government [2018R1A4A1022647]
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Venlafaxine (VEN), as one of the popular anti-depressants, is widely utilized for the treatment of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, as well as anxiety. This drug influences the chemicals in the brain, which may result in imbalance in depressed individuals. However, venlafaxine and its metabolites are contaminants in water. They have exerted an adverse influence on living organisms through their migration and transformation in various forms of adsorption, photolysis, hydrolysis, and biodegradation followed by the formation of various active compounds in the environment. Hence, it is crucial to determine VEN with low concentrations in high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Some analytical techniques have been practically designed to quantify VEN. However, electroanalytical procedures have been of interest due to the superior advantages in comparison to conventional techniques, because such methods feature rapidity, simplicity, sensitivity, and affordability. Therefore, this mini-review aims to present the electrochemical determination of VEN with diverse electrodes, such as carbon paste electrodes, glassy carbon electrodes, mercury-based electrodes, screen-printed electrodes, pencil graphite electrodes, and ion-selective electrodes.
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