Article
Environmental Sciences
Vartika Singh, Miodrag Stevanovic, Chandan Kumar Jha, Felicitas Beier, Ranjan Kumar Ghosh, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Alexander Popp
Summary: The study evaluates the water pressure caused by rice and wheat production in India and proposes policy instruments to reduce this pressure on water resources. It finds that increasing energy prices or implementing physical quotas on water withdrawals can effectively decrease water usage without significantly impacting agricultural production and prices. The study also highlights the different effects of these policies on important economic indicators.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(2023)
Review
Food Science & Technology
Lidia Delgado, Cristiano Garino, Francisco Javier Moreno, Jutta Zagon, Hermann Broll
Summary: The 'Farm-to-Fork' strategy aims to transition to a sustainable and fair food system. Insects, as ideal sources of protein, play an important role in agriculture. However, their entry into the EU market requires authorization and risk assessment. Insect farming is expanding in Europe, but consumers require comprehensive information and protection.
FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Catharina Latka, Marijke Kuiper, Stefan Frank, Thomas Heckelei, Petr Havlik, Heinz-Peter Witzke, Adrian Leip, Hao David Cui, Anneleen Kuijsten, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Michiel van Dijk
Summary: Consumer-side interventions using taxes and subsidies are effective in promoting healthier and more environmentally sustainable diets. High tax levels are required to achieve dietary recommendations and policy intervention is needed to address divergence from nutrition guidelines. A coherent policy package is recommended to simultaneously approach nutrition and sustainability objectives.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Agronomy
Kelly Parsons, David Barling
Summary: Public food procurement policy has the potential to drive sustainable food consumption and production, but there are currently barriers preventing its realization. By considering the interactions between different policy instruments and placing public food procurement policy within a broader policy system, these barriers can be addressed and the potential can be maximized.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Joanna Przedrzymirska, Jacek Zaucha, Helena Calado, Ivana Lukic, Martina Bocci, Emiliano Ramieri, Mario Cana Varona, Andrea Barbanti, Daniel Depellegrin, Marta de Sousa Vergilio, Angela Schultz-Zehden, Vincent Onyango, Eva Papaioannou, Bela H. Buck, Gesche Krause, Maximilian Felix Schupp, Rianne Lakamp, Kazimierz Szefler, Monika Michalek, Mairi Maniopoulou, Vassiliki Vassilopoulou, Zacharoula Kyriazi, Krystyna Gawlikowska-Hueckel, Stanislaw Szultka, Christian Orobello, Kira Gee, Bruce Buchanan, Marija Lazic
Summary: This paper examines the concept of maritime multi-use as a governance instrument for sustainable development in EU sea basins, highlighting the importance of different roles of multi-use in different sea basins and the need for global strategies and measures to support its development.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Joao Marcelo Pereira Ribeiro, Sthefanie Aguiar da Silva, Samara da Silva Neiva, Thiago Soares, Carlos Montenegro, Andre Borchardt Deggau, Wellyngton Silva de Amorim, Celso Lopes de Albuquerque Junior, Jose Baltazar Salgueirinho Osorio de Andrade Guerra
Summary: The article analyzes the interconnections between Brazilian food policies with water and energy resources, highlighting their alignment and conflicts with sustainable development goals, and introduces an innovative Balanced Scorecard approach in the water, energy and food Nexus.
STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
A. P. Hejnowicz, J. P. R. Thorn, M. E. Giraudo, J. B. Sallach, S. E. Hartley, J. Grugel, S. G. Pueppke, L. Emberson
Summary: The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is an important approach for addressing sustainable development challenges. However, current research is primarily focused on the physical and natural sciences, with insufficient engagement with social, political, and economic dimensions. In the Global South, WEF research covers a wide range of domains, but there are still gaps in implementation and operationalization. Addressing the complexity of the nexus requires alternative perspectives to manage policy integration, trade-offs, and winners and losers.
Review
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Julia Koninger, Emanuele Lugato, Panos Panagos, Mrinalini Kochupillai, Alberto Orgiazzi, Maria J. Briones
Summary: Animal farming generates over 1.4 billion tonnes of manure annually in the EU-27 and UK, with more than 90% used as organic fertilizer. Manure can enhance plant growth and soil diversity, but also poses risks of pollution and nutrient loss. Soil organisms are essential in manure transformation and degradation of toxic elements, yet soil biodiversity is often neglected in manure management practices.
AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Swati Singh, Shresth Tayal
Summary: With the rise in population growth and urbanization, urban spaces have become important areas for resource use, including water, energy, and food. Urban food management in India mainly focuses on managing food waste through solid waste management strategies. The study emphasizes the importance of city region food systems in optimizing the WEF nexus.
ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jiapei Zhu, Yaqian Yang, Yali Liu, Xiaoyong Cui, Tong Li, Yuantong Jia, Yao Ning, Jianqing Du, Yanfen Wang
Summary: Water stress is a significant challenge in drylands, affecting social, economic, and natural systems. This study assesses the impact of water stress on sustainable development in Inner Mongolia, a typical dryland area. Results show that uneven progress in achieving sustainable development goals and conflicts in water allocation hinder the sustainable development of these drylands.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Matilda Azong Cho, Abel Ramoelo, Lindiwe M. Sibanda
Summary: This study analysed the integration of land-water-energy (LWE) nexus in sustainable food system research in Africa. The findings highlight the limited emphasis on socio-economic perspective and key influencing factors such as gender and conflict. The dominance of non-African institutions in knowledge production also indicates a potential gap in locally owned solutions. The study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that considers technical and social factors, as well as collaboration with local institutions.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Anan Ashrabi Ananno, Mahadi Hasan Masud, Sami Ahbab Chowdhury, Peter Dabnichki, Nufile Ahmed, Amit Md. Estiaque Arefin
Summary: The study examines the current status of food waste, management policies, and potential energy generation in Bangladesh, proposing a national food waste management model and highlighting the economic and environmental benefits of reducing food waste.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Annet C. Hoek, Shirin Malekpour, Rob Raven, Eli Court, Emily Byrne
Summary: This paper analyzes the factors influencing decision making for sustainable food practices, highlighting the interaction between individuals and more sustainable practices/products, as well as the importance of environmental contexts in decision-making.
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hadi A. AL-agele, Lloyd Nackley, Chad W. Higgins
Summary: This paper explores the challenges facing the agricultural system and the impact of technological evolution on sustainability, proposing a pathway to reduce the sustainability gap through the adoption and innovation of water management technologies.
Article
Agronomy
Alessandra De Chiara
Summary: The international competitiveness of Italian agri-food companies is significantly correlated with corporate social responsibility practices, particularly in terms of standards adoption. The choice of standards plays a crucial role in enhancing the international performance of the companies.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Davy Vanham, Mesfin M. Mekonnen
Summary: The study evaluated the impact of scarcity-weighted water footprint indicators on global irrigated wheat production and found that it may not accurately assess the sustainability of water resources and may have adverse effects on farmers producing wheat sustainably.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Catharina Latka, Marijke Kuiper, Stefan Frank, Thomas Heckelei, Petr Havlik, Heinz-Peter Witzke, Adrian Leip, Hao David Cui, Anneleen Kuijsten, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Michiel van Dijk
Summary: Consumer-side interventions using taxes and subsidies are effective in promoting healthier and more environmentally sustainable diets. High tax levels are required to achieve dietary recommendations and policy intervention is needed to address divergence from nutrition guidelines. A coherent policy package is recommended to simultaneously approach nutrition and sustainability objectives.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Susanna Kugelberg, Fabio Bartolini, David R. Kanter, Anna Birgitte Milford, Kajsa Pira, Alberto Sanz-Cobena, Adrian Leip
Summary: A call for governments to enact a strategy for a sustainable food system is crucial. It requires going beyond linear and narrow views of the food system, and understanding it as dynamic and interlinked. The agenda-setting process should be strategic, collaborative, transparent, inclusive, and reflexive, focusing on directionality and reflexivity for a future sustainable food system vision.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Anne-Marie Boulay, Katrin Drastig, Amanullah, Ashok Chapagain, Veronica Charlon, Barbara Civit, Camillo DeCamillis, Marlos De Souza, Tim Hess, Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Ridha Ibidhi, Michael J. Lathuilliere, Alessandro Manzardo, Tim McAllister, Ricardo A. Morales, Masaharu Motoshita, Julio Cesar Pascale Palhares, Giacomo Pirlo, Brad Ridoutt, Valentina Russo, Gloria Salmoral, Ranvir Singh, Davy Vanham, Stephen Wiedemann, Weichao Zheng, Stephan Pfister
Summary: The FAO LEAP Partnership TAG developed guidelines on water footprinting for livestock production systems and supply chains to monitor environmental performance and progress. The recommended guidelines address impact assessment and water productivity to provide a comprehensive assessment of water use in livestock systems. The approach combines water productivity and water scarcity footprint metrics to assess potential productivity improvements and minimize environmental impacts related to water scarcity.
ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Davy Vanham, Susann Guenther, Marta Ros-Baro, Anna Bach-Faig
Summary: The Mediterranean region faces increasing water scarcity, largely driven by the food system. Calculating water resources related to food consumption in nine major Mediterranean countries, it was found that the EAT-Lancet diet requires less water than the traditional Mediterranean diet. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet could reduce current water footprints across countries, while the Mediterranean diet only reduced water footprints in select countries.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Felix Creutzig, Leila Niamir, Xuemei Bai, Max Callaghan, Jonathan Cullen, Julio Diaz-Jose, Maria Figueroa, Arnulf Grubler, William F. Lamb, Adrian Leip, Eric Masanet, Erika Mata, Linus Mattauch, Jan C. Minx, Sebastian Mirasgedis, Yacob Mulugetta, Sudarmanto Budi Nugroho, Minal Pathak, Patricia Perkins, Joyashree Roy, Stephane de la Rue du Can, Yamina Saheb, Shreya Some, Linda Steg, Julia Steinberger, Diana Urge-Vorsatz
Summary: The study highlights the significant potential of demand-side measures in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and improving human well-being outcomes, with largely positive effects.
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Davy Vanham, Lorenzo Alfieri, Luc Feyen
Summary: Global freshwater biodiversity is decreasing rapidly, necessitating the restoration and maintenance of environmental flows. Reserving water for ecosystems reduces renewable water availability for human use, resulting in water scarcity in many countries.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Letter
Environmental Sciences
Davy Vanham, Mesfin M. Mekonnen
Summary: The reliability of the scarcity-weighted water footprint (WSF) and its counterproductivity for achieving SDG target 6.4 is questioned. The analysis shows that unsustainably produced wheat may receive better ranking than sustainably produced wheat based on WSF. The suggestion is to use the water stress indicator instead of WSF in the LCA framework.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Adrian Leip, Carla Caldeira, Sara Corrado, Nicholas J. Hutchings, Jan Peter Lesschen, Martijn Schaap, Wim de Vries, Henk Westhoek, Hans JM. van Grinsven
Summary: This study explores the feasibility of reducing nitrogen waste and the pathways to success. It finds that the livestock sector has the greatest potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency in the current agro-food system. Among the 144 analyzed combinations of intervention options, 12 combinations can reduce nitrogen losses by about 50%, with 11 involving dietary changes. The study also assesses the societal appreciation of interventions and concludes that moderate intervention options can achieve halving of nitrogen losses at the lowest societal costs, with diet change appearing to be an essential condition for success.
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marco Springmann, Rita Van Dingenen, Toon Vandyck, Catharina Latka, Peter Witzke, Adrian Leip
Summary: Dietary changes towards more plant-based diets can lead to meaningful reductions in air pollution, improve health, and increase economic output. Incentivizing these dietary changes is especially valuable in regions with intensive agriculture and high population density.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Davy Vanham, Martin Bruckner, Florian Schwarzmueller, Joep Schyns, Thomas Kastner
Summary: Food systems have a significant impact on global land and water resources, with the European Union (EU) alone consuming a substantial amount. This study calculates that the EU's land footprint is between 140-222 Mha yr(-1), and the water footprint is between 569-918 km(3) yr(-1), making up a significant portion of global agricultural footprints. The need for a consistent methodology in monitoring and reducing these footprints is emphasized.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Alessandro Galli, Marta Antonelli, Leopold Wambersie, Anna Bach-Faig, Fabio Bartolini, Dario Caro, Katsunori Iha, David Lin, Maria Serena Mancini, Roberta Sonnino, Davy Vanham, Mathis Wackernagel
Summary: This study investigates the resource dependence and carbon emissions of the EU-27's food systems and finds that European residents demand more from nature than the region's ecosystems can regenerate. The study highlights the need for reforms in food and trade policies to enable a transformation to sustainable EU food systems.
Article
Food Science & Technology
M. Crippa, E. Solazzo, D. Guizzardi, R. Van Dingenen, A. Leip
Summary: Food systems contribute significantly to global air pollution, with emissions increasing steadily over the past five decades. In 2018, approximately half of total nitrogen and 87% of ammonia emissions came from the food systems. These emissions contribute to global mortality and crop production losses.
Letter
Food Science & Technology
Monica Crippa, Efisio Solazzo, Diego Guizzardi, Francesco N. Tubiello, Adrian Leip
Article
Environmental Sciences
Davy Vanham, Lorenzo Alfieri, Martina Florke, Stefania Grimaldi, Valerio Lorini, Ad de Roo, Luc Feyen
Summary: The study assesses global water stress and finds that high ecological protection would put nearly half of the global population under water stress, with emphasis on Asia. Policy makers need to strike a balance between meeting human needs and protecting the environment.
LANCET PLANETARY HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Toshimi Nakajima, Mao Kuragano, Makoto Yamada, Ryo Sugimoto
Summary: This study compared the contribution of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to river nutrient budgets at nearshore and embayment scales, and found that SGD-derived nutrients become more important at larger spatial scales.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Fan Liu, Lei Zhang, Chongyang Zhang, Ziguang Chen, Jingguang Li
Summary: NO2 emissions from wall-mounted gas stoves used for household heating have become a significant source of indoor pollution in Chinese urban areas. The high indoor concentration of NO2 poses potential health risks to residents. It is urgently necessary to establish relevant regulations and implement emission reduction technologies to reduce NO2 emissions from wall-mounted gas stoves.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Letter
Environmental Sciences
Hans Peter H. Arp, Raoul Wolf, Sarah E. Hale, Sivani Baskaran, Juliane Gluege, Martin Scheringer, Xenia Trier, Ian T. Cousins, Harrie Timmer, Roberta Hofman-Caris, Anna Lennquist, Andre D. Bannink, Gerard J. Stroomberg, Rosa M. A. Sjerps, Rosa Montes, Rosario Rodil, Jose Benito Quintana, Daniel Zahn, Herve Gallard, Tobias Mohr, Ivo Schliebner, Michael Neumann
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Philomina Onyedikachi Peter, Binessi Edouard Ifon, Francois Nkinahamira, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Jiangwei Li, Anyi Hu, Chang-Ping Yu
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in sediments from Yundang Lagoon, China. The results show four distinct fluorescent components, with protein-like substances being the most prevalent. Additionally, the total fluorescence intensity and LREE concentrations exhibit a synchronized increase from Outer to Inner to Songbai Lake core sediments. The findings demonstrate a strong correlation between DOM content and pollution levels.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Surya Gupta, Pasquale Borrelli, Panos Panagos, Christine Alewell
Summary: The objective of this study is to incorporate soil hydraulic properties into the erodibility factor (K) of USLE-type models. By modifying and improving the existing equations for soil texture and permeability, the study successfully included information on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) into the calculation of K factor. Using the Random Forest machine learning algorithm, two independent K factor maps with different spatial resolutions were generated. The results show that the decrease in K factor values has a positive impact on the modeling of soil erosion rates.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jesmin Akter, Wendy J. M. Smith, Yawen Liu, Ilho Kim, Stuart L. Simpson, Phong Thai, Asja Korajkic, Warish Ahmed
Summary: The choice of workflow in wastewater surveillance has a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 concentrations, while having minimal effects on HF183 and no effect on HAdV 40/41 concentrations. Certain components in the workflow can be interchangeable, but factors such as buffer type, chloroform, and homogenization speed can affect the recovery of viruses and bacteria.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yu Luo, Xueting Yang, Diwei Wang, Hongmei Xu, Hongai Zhang, Shasha Huang, Qiyuan Wang, Ningning Zhang, Junji Cao, Zhenxing Shen
Summary: Atmospheric PM2.5, which can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), is associated with cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. The study found that both the mass concentration of PM2.5 and the DTT activity were higher during the heating season than during the nonheating season. Combustion sources were the primary contributors to DTT activity during the heating season, while secondary formation dominated during the nonheating season. The study also revealed that biomass burning had the highest inherent oxidation potential among all sources investigated.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Erin L. Murphy, Leah R. Gerber, Chelsea M. Rochman, Beth Polidoro
Summary: Plastic pollution has devastating consequences for marine organisms. This study uses a trait-based framework to develop a vulnerability index for marine mammals, seabirds, and sea turtles in Hawai'i. The index ranks 63 study species based on their vulnerability to macroplastic pollution, providing valuable information for species monitoring and management priorities.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kenji Maurice, Amelia Bourceret, Sami Youssef, Stephane Boivin, Liam Laurent-Webb, Coraline Damasio, Hassan Boukcim, Marc-Andre Selosse, Marc Ducousso
Summary: Growing pressure from climate change and agricultural land use is destabilizing soil microbial community interactions. Little is known about microbial community resistance and adaptation to disturbances, hindering our understanding of recovery latency and implications for ecosystem functioning. This study found that anthropic disturbance and natural disturbance have different effects on the topology and stability of soil microbial networks.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yunhao Li, Yali Feng, Haoran Li, Yisong Yao, Chenglong Xu, Jinrong Ju, Ruiyu Ma, Haoyu Wang, Shiwei Jiang
Summary: Deep-sea mining poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems and human health by disturbing sediment and transmitting metal ions through the food chain. This study developed a new regenerative adsorption material, OMN@SA, which effectively removes metal ions. The adsorption mechanism and performance of the material for metal ion fixation were investigated.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Antonio Medici, Margherita Lavorgna, Marina Isidori, Chiara Russo, Elena Orlo, Giovanni Luongo, Giovanni Di Fabio, Armando Zarrelli
Summary: Valsartan, a widely used antihypertensive drug, has been detected in high concentrations in surface waters due to its unchanged excretion and incomplete degradation in wastewater treatment plants. This study investigated the degradation of valsartan and identified 14 degradation byproducts. The acute and chronic toxicity of these byproducts were evaluated in key organisms in the freshwater trophic chain.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jiang Lin, Lianbao Chi, Qing Yuan, Busu Li, Mingbao Feng
Summary: This study investigated the photodegradation behavior and product formation of two representative pharmaceuticals in simulated estuary water. The study found that the formed transformation products of these pharmaceuticals have potential toxicity on marine organisms, including oxidative stress and damage to cellular components.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hua Fang, Dongdong Jiang, Ye He, Siyi Wu, Yuehong Li, Ziqi Zhang, Haoting Chen, Zixin Zheng, Yan Sun, Wenxiang Wang
Summary: This study revealed that exposure to lower levels of air pollutants led to decreased pregnancy rates, with PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO emerging as the four most prominent pollutants. Individuals aged 35 and above exhibited heightened susceptibility to pollutants.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Ali Shaan Manzoor Ghumman, Rashid Shamsuddin, Amin Abbasi, Mohaira Ahmad, Yoshiaki Yoshida, Abdul Sami, Hamad Almohamadi
Summary: In this study, inverse vulcanized polysulfides (IVP) were synthesized by reacting molten sulfur with 4-vinyl benzyl chloride, and then functionalized using N-methyl D-glucamine (NMDG). The functionalized IVP showed a high mercury adsorption capacity and a machine learning model was developed to predict the amount of mercury removed. Furthermore, the functionalized IVP can be regenerated and reused, providing a sustainable and cost-effective adsorbent.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rita Bonfiglio, Renata Sisto, Stefano Casciardi, Valeria Palumbo, Maria Paola Scioli, Erica Giacobbi, Francesca Servadei, Gerry Melino, Alessandro Mauriello, Manuel Scimeca
Summary: This study investigated the presence of aluminum in human colon cancer samples and its potential association with biological processes involved in cancer progression. Aluminum was found in tumor areas of 24% of patients and was associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell death. Additional analyses revealed higher tumor mutational burden and mutations in genes related to EMT and apoptosis in aluminum-positive colon cancers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity may improve strategies for the management of colon cancer patients.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2024)