BRD4 regulates key transcription factors that drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition in castration-resistant prostate cancer

Background Androgen deprivation therapies for the hormone-dependent stages of prostate cancer have become so effective that new forms of chemoresistant tumors are emerging in clinical practice, and require new targeted therapies in the metastatic setting. Yet there are important gaps in our understanding of the relevant transcriptional networks driving this process. Progression from localized to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) occurs as a result of accumulated resistance mechanisms that develop upon sustained androgen receptor (AR) suppression. Critical to this progression is the plastic nature by which prostate tumor cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal states (EMT). Methods Here, using prostate cancer cell lines with different AR composition, we systematically manipulated somatic proteins of the Bromodomain and ExtraTerminal (BET) family (BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4) to determine which BET proteins influence EMT. We used the TCGA repository to correlate the expression of individual BET genes with key EMT genes and determined biochemical recurrence in 414 patients and progression free survival in 488 patients. Results We found that only BRD4-and not BRD2 or BRD3-regulates the expression ofSNAI1andSNAI2, and that the downregulation of these EMT transcription factors significantly increases E-cadherin expression. Furthermore, of the BET genes, onlyBRD4correlates with survival outcomes in prostate cancer patients. Moreover, selective degradation of BRD4 protein with MZ1 ablates EMT (transcriptionally and morphologically) induced by TGFss signaling. Conclusions Many relapsed/refractory tumors share a neuroendocrine transcriptional signature that had been relatively rare until highly successful antiandrogen drugs like abiraterone and enzalutamide came into widespread use. New therapeutic targets must therefore be developed. Our results identify key EMT genes regulated by BRD4, and offers a novel druggable target to treat mCRPC. BRD4-selective protein degraders offer a promising next generation approach to treat the emerging forms of chemoresistance in advanced prostate cancer.

Automated summary

Androgen deprivation therapies for prostate cancer have been effective, leading to new chemoresistant tumors. However, gaps in transcriptional networks driving this process exist. Progression to mCRPC is due to accumulated resistance mechanisms in sustained AR suppression, with a key role played by EMT. A study found that BRD4 regulates EMT genes and correlates with survival outcomes, making it a potential target for mCRPC treatment.