Article
Thermodynamics
Ying Zhou, Min He, Lan Xie, Weidi He, Dinghong Xu, Hongming Wu, Guangqiang Xiao, Shuhao Qin, Jianbing Guo
Summary: The study examined the flammability, thermal, and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/DOPO derivative (DiDOPO)/sepiolite composites fabricated by a melt blending process. The TPUSEP3 composite achieved UL-94 V0 classes and showed enhanced flexural strength. The presence of sepiolite and DiDOPO led to improvements in the fire performance of the composites.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yang Luo, Jingyu Cai, Ling Li, Xiaocheng Lin, Longqiang Xiao, Linxi Hou
Summary: A new multi-DOPO-based reactive flame retardant (DZH) was successfully synthesized and used as a co-curing agent with DDM in epoxy resin (EP), achieving a balance between flame retardancy and overall performance. The addition of DZH decreased the activation energy of the curing reaction system and enhanced the formation of char residues under high temperature conditions. The EP/DZH system exhibited significantly improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties at certain additions.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xinxin Wang, Wentao He, Lijuan Long, Shaowen Huang, Shuhao Qin, Guomin Xu
Summary: The study successfully improved the flame resistance of PLA by incorporating a phosphorus and nitrogen-containing DOPO derivative (DOPO-NH2), achieving an LOI value of 26% with just 5% mass of DOPO-NH2 added. The hydrogen bonds formed between DOPO-NH2 and the PLA matrix maintained the mechanical properties of the composite.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Qi Jiang, Ping Li, Yun Liu, Ping Zhu
Summary: To solve the flammability and dripping issues of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF), a coating was prepared on its surface using phytic acid (PA), Fe-2(SO4)(3)center dot xH(2)O, and laponite (LAP). The FPUF/PA-Fe/LAP showed good flame-retardant performance, passing the UL-94 V-0 rating and reducing the peak heat release rate and maximum smoke density. The fire growth rate index was also significantly reduced. Additionally, the coating had a minor effect on compression and permanent deformation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Menghe Zhu, Zhewen Ma, Lei Liu, Jianzhong Zhang, Siqi Huo, Pingan Song
Summary: This comprehensive review focuses on the design, application, and effects of reactive, additive, and coating halogen-free flame retardants in rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). The challenges and future research opportunities are also discussed.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Junjie Wang, Xuejun Yu, Shengsong Dai, Xinyu Wang, Zhiquan Pan, Hong Zhou
Summary: This study systematically investigated the effects of chitosan-based derivative (CSA), DOPO, and CSA/DOPO additives on the flammable properties of EP composites. The results showed a significant improvement in flame retardancy and mechanical strength, with reduced smoke emission and heat release rate, increased residual char amount, and enhanced flexural strength. The synergistic effect of CSA and DOPO played a crucial role in enhancing the overall performance of the EP composites.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Z. Stirn, M. Colovic, J. Vasiljevic, M. Sobak, G. Zitko, N. Celan Korosin, B. Simoncic, I. Jerman
Summary: Polymeric solar absorbers can effectively reduce the energy costs for households, but concerns about flammability led to the development of flame-retardant solar absorber paints. By incorporating DOPO derivatives as additives, improved fire retardancy was achieved. The study also confirmed the long-term stability and effectiveness of the solar absorber coatings on aluminium and PPS substrates.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhenting Yin, Jingyi Lu, Ningning Hong, Wenhua Cheng, Pengfei Jia, Huijuan Wang, Weizhao Hu, Bibo Wang, Lei Song, Yuan Hu
Summary: In this study, ZIF-8@Ti3C2Tx was synthesized to reduce the heat and toxic gases of FPUF, resulting in significantly decreased peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), CO and HCN emissions. The flame-retardant FPUF also exhibited improved tensile and compression strength, showcasing the superior dual metal catalytical charring-forming effect and physical barrier effect of ZIF-8@Ti3C2Tx.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Huhu Zhou, Shuai Tan, Caihong Wang, Yong Wu
Summary: By synthesizing and incorporating a room temperature ionic liquid, TPT, containing phosphorus and sulfur elements into flexible polyurethane foam at a low dosage, enhanced flame retardancy can be achieved without compromising thermal stability and mechanical performance. The use of TPT in FPUF significantly reduces peak heat release rate and increases oxygen index value.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiexiang Ren, Guichun Yang, Xiaocong Deng, Shengchao Huang, Cuifen Lu
Summary: In this study, a reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin was prepared using tryptamine, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, and vanillin as reaction monomers. The addition of a small amount of flame retardant improved the thermal stability and flame resistance of the epoxy resin, and the flame-retardancy mechanism was studied using thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yunxian Yang, Wen Chen, Zhi Li, Guangyan Huang, Guang Wu
Summary: A novel multifunctional flame retardant EAD was successfully synthesized and exhibited high thermal stability and good flame retardancy. The addition of a low concentration of EAD to epoxy resin significantly improved its flame retardancy and enhanced the mechanical properties. Moreover, EAD also showed transparency and UV-shielding performance.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sylwia Czlonka, Agne Kairyte, Karolina Miedzinska, Anna Strakowska, Agnieszka Adamus-Wlodarczyk
Summary: The study found that 1 and 2 wt.% of salvia filler can improve the physicomechanical properties of PUR composites, while 5 wt.% of filler may result in a less uniform structure. Additionally, the modification of salvia filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix, leading to enhanced performances of the composites.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lingxin He, Xin Jiang, Xia Zhou, Zhaoxin Li, Fukai Chu, Xin Wang, Wei Cai, Lei Song, Yuan Hu
Summary: This study introduces a simple and environmentally friendly electrochemical exfoliation method for preparing black phosphorus-MXene nanohybrids, which enhances the fire safety and mechanical properties of waterborne polyurethane. The incorporation of 2.0 wt% BP-Ti3C2 shows a significant flame retardancy effect on WPU, with reductions in peak heat release rate, total heat release, total smoke production, and total CO2 yield. The electrochemical exfoliation method provides a reference for environmentally friendly preparation of two-dimensional nanomaterials with improved fire safety properties for polymer composites.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Xue Qian, Qiang Liu, Laibao Zhang, Hui Li, Jiwen Liu, Shouke Yan
Summary: In this study, a reactive flame-retardant diol called BEOPMS was synthesized and combined with PMDI for the fabrication of PIR foams. The results showed that BEOPMS effectively improved the flame retardancy of the foams, and higher LOI and char residue yield values were achieved at specific NCO/OH ratios and phosphorus contents.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yin Yam Chan, Andreas Korwitz, Doris Pospiech, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) were prepared with different combinations of flame retardants and additives to evaluate their synergistic effects on the properties of FPUFs. It was found that the combination of expandable graphite and phosphorous polyol significantly improved the char yield of the foams, thereby enhancing their flame retardancy. Furthermore, the addition of expandable graphite effectively reduced smoke and toxic gas emissions, while the replacement of polyether polyol with castor oil maintained the physical and mechanical properties and improved the bio-based content.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
O. P. Korobeinichev, S. Muthu Kumaran, V Raghavan, S. A. Trubachev, A. A. Paletsky, A. G. Shmakov, R. K. Glaznev, A. A. Chernov, A. G. Tereshchenko, E. L. Loboda, D. P. Kasymov
Summary: Systematic experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to understand the spread of ground fire over pine needle bed in Siberian boreal forests. The effects of bed width, fuel moisture content, fuel load, and packing ratio on flame spread rate and temperature distributions were revealed.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Naian Liu, Xieshang Yuan, Xiaodong Xie, Jiao Lei, Wei Gao, Haixiang Chen, Linhe Zhang, Han Li, Qianqian He, Oleg Korobeinichev
Summary: This paper presents a systematic experimental study on eruptive fire over a pine needle fuel bed in trench configuration in still air. It investigates the fire spread characteristics under different slope angles and trench aspect ratios and reveals that eruptive fire is a sudden accident that occurs when the slope angle reaches a critical value. The study also finds that the fire eruption induces changes in burning and fire spread behaviors, such as sharp increases in velocity and influence range of the attached flow in the direction of fire spread.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Yu Snegirev, E. A. Kuznetsov, O. P. Korobeinichev, A. G. Shmakov, S. A. Trubachev
Summary: Experimental study and three-dimensional simulation of the warming up, ignition, and subsequent burning out of a composite material impacted by a Bunsen burner flame were conducted. The research evaluated the thermal decomposition of the composite and compared experimental and predicted dynamics, showing favorable comparisons in material degradation and flame behavior. This study is a step towards developing a computational framework capable of replicating and predicting the outcome of standard fire tests UL94 and VBB.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
O. P. Korobeinichev, S. Muthu Kumaran, D. Shanmugasundaram, V Raghavan, S. A. Trubachev, A. A. Paletsky, A. G. Shmakov, R. K. Glaznev, A. A. Chernov, A. G. Tereshchenko
Summary: A systematic experimental study was conducted to investigate the propagation of a model ground fire over pine needles bed, establishing a nonlinear dependence of flame spread rate on wind speed and measuring total heat flux and its radiation counterpart. The study also explored the influences of bed width and moisture content on flame propagation rate. Through a three-dimensional numerical model based on FDS, the processes governing the pyrolysis of pine needles, oxidation of char, gas phase combustion, and radiation were investigated, with the model able to accurately predict flame spread rates. This validated model, coupled with detailed turbulence and radiation models, can serve as a predictive tool for scaled up ground fire scenarios.
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Julio Marti, Bernhard Schartel, Eugenio Onate
Summary: This article analyzes the capability of a new computational strategy based on the particle finite element method for simulating a bench-scale cables burning test. Two cables with differently flame retarded materials were selected as samples, and the numerical results show accurate prediction of temperature evolution and melting of the jacket.
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Chao Ma, Feng Zhou, Yuan Hu, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: A series of flexible polyurethane foams with different concentrations of flame retardants, bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (BDMPP), and either melamine (MA) or expandable graphite (EG) were prepared and studied. The synergistic effect of BDMPP and EG on flame retardancy was highlighted, with EG showing excellent smoke suppression during burning and MA significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. The combination of BDMPP and EG, along with MA, offers an approach to enhance flame retardancy and smoke suppression.
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bettina Strommer, Alexander Battig, Daniele Frasca, Dietmar Schulze, Christian Huth, Martin Bohning, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The incorporation of nanoparticles like multilayer graphene into elastomeric composites improves their technical performance, such as mechanical behavior and electrical conductivity. Traditional filler types usually fulfill single purposes and require high loadings, while a small amount of multilayer graphene can reduce filler content and maintain the multifunctional characteristics of rubber composites.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Mohamed Ali Wahab, Katharina Kebelmann, Bernhard Schartel, Gareth Griffiths
Summary: The valorization of macroalgae digestate as a secondary resource can lead to the production of high value chemicals through pyrolysis, while the filtered liquid fraction can be used as an alternative culture media for microalgae growth. The digestates showed improved biooil profiles compared to the raw macroalgae. The pyrolyzates from the digestates contained high-value chemicals and the liquid digestate positively influenced microalgae growth.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Alexander Battig, Karla Itzel Garfias Gonzalez, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study investigates the application of sustainable, biogenic flame retardant adjuvants for epoxy resins and finds that zoological products can act as fillers to enhance the synergistic effect of flame retardants.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
F. Robert Gleuwitz, Alexander Battig, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This study introduces a potentially abundant protein-rich waste resource for the manufacturing of flame-retardant epoxy biocomposites and investigates the influence of biomass fillers on curing and thermal degradation behavior. The experiments show that nonvegan fillers have a good charring effect under specific conditions. This research provides potential for utilizing protein-based flame retardants from industrial insect rearing in the future.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yin Yam Chan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in polyurethane foams (PUFs): expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs improves the flame retardancy of PUFs by charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, offering significant advantages.
Article
Polymer Science
Bettina Strommer, Dietmar Schulze, Bernhard Schartel, Martin Boehning
Summary: Tailored crosslinking in elastomers is crucial for their technical applications. Incorporating few-layer graphene (FLG) affects the crosslinking behavior of natural rubber, accelerating the kinetics of sulfur-based curing systems and showing little influence on peroxide-based systems. Vulcanometer measurements are suitable for monitoring the complex vulcanization process of such nanocomposite systems.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xu Chengzhang, Alexander Battig, Bernhard Schartel, Renee Siegel, Jürgen Senker, Inge von der Forst, Carlo Unverzagt, Seema Agarwal, Andreas Moeglich, Andreas Greiner
Summary: The study explored the thermal stability of proteinase K under conditions applicable for polymer melt processing, finding that the enzyme showed little activity loss even at temperatures as high as 150 degrees C. The resistance of bulk proteinase K to thermal treatment was slightly enhanced by absorption into polyacrylamide particles, and the enzyme retained around 2% enzymatic activity after being subjected to 200 degrees C temperature for 5 minutes.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Maximilian Mund, Dustin Hassler, Peter Schaumann, Sascha Hothan, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: Intumescent coatings are used to improve fire resistance and aesthetic appearance of steel structures. The durability of the coating and its performance under weathering conditions are essential factors to consider. This paper presents experimental investigations on the expansion behavior, thermal performance, and reactions during foaming in case of fire of two types of intumescent coatings. The research results were obtained from the IGF research project 20470 N.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Johannes U. Lenz, Doris Pospiech, Hartmut Komber, Andreas Korwitz, Oliver Kobsch, Maxime Paven, Rolf W. Albach, Martin Guenther, Bernhard Schartel
Summary: The impact of phosphorus-containing flame retardants on rigid polyisocyanurate foams was studied by varying the chemical structure of the flame retardants. Different compounds, including non-NCO-reactive and NCO-reactive dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (BPPO) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), were compared in terms of foam properties, thermal decomposition, and fire behavior. The results showed that DOPO was more effective when the flame retardant acted as a filler or dangling end in the foam polymer network, while BPPO was superior when incorporated as a subunit in the network.
Article
Polymer Science
Tetsu Sato, Mariko Takahashi, Takeshi Saito, Masahito Toyonaga, Itsuo Tanuma, Rie Yamada, Satoru Hosoda
Summary: An automatic evaluation system for photooxidation has been developed and successfully applied to assess the photo-OIT of LDPE samples containing photooxidation stabilizers. The system allows independent setting of various measurement conditions and provides detailed information on the photooxidation process.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Zongzheng Zuo, Shuxue Zhou
Summary: In this study, three fluoroalkyl trimethoxysilane (FATMS) additives with different chain lengths were incorporated into a two-component polyurethane clearcoat to improve its hydrophobic durability. The coatings modified with FATMS maintained their surface hydrophobicity under various conditions, but quickly lost it when exposed to both UV irradiation and/or high temperature with water. The results suggest that the FATMS route is more suitable for indoor applications at room temperature.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
Article
Polymer Science
Song Li, Feng Zhao, Xueya Wang, Zhihua Liu, Jingze Guo, Yutong Li, Shuangmei Tan, Zhenxiang Xin, Shuai Zhao, Lin Li
Summary: Green flame retardants have garnered attention for their environmental friendliness, but current options fall short in achieving high flame retardancy for flammable polymers and maintaining environmental protection. This study takes a two-pronged approach to address flame retardants and the flame-retardant process. An eco-friendly bio-based synergistic flame retardant (PAU), synthesized using phytic acid (PA) and urea (U), is used to create a flame retardant coating that can be directly applied to any surface shape using polydopamine as an adhesive. The resulting EPS-PAU exhibits excellent flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and light weight while only slightly increasing the density.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2024)
