Impact of Incremental Delays in Appropriate Therapy on the Outcomes of Hospitalized Adult Patients with Gram-negative Bloodstream Infections: Every day matters

Background Serious bloodstream infections (BSIs) are often caused by Gram-negative (GN) bacteria in hospitalized patients. Treatment of these infections has been further complicated by the continued rise and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, including carbapenem resistant (CR) strains of Enterobacteriaceae,Acinetobacter baumannii, andPseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods This retrospective cohort analysis used real-world data from a large United States hospital-based database to examine the association between key clinical outcomes and different lengths of time to appropriate treatment between October 2010 and September 2015. Results Of 40,549 patients with GN-BSIs who were identified, 1117 (2.8%) had a CR GN-BSI. Overall, outcomes of hospitalized adult patients with GN-BSIs incrementally worsened the longer appropriate therapy was delayed. Patients with CR GN-BSIs had a median infection-associated length of stay (LOS) of 8, 9, 10, and 13 days, whereas patients with CS GN-BSIs had a median infection-associated LOS of 6, 7, 8, and 11 days for patients with days to appropriate therapy of 0, 1-2, 3-4, and >= 5 days, respectively. Among patients with CR GN-BSIs, the percentage of patients discharged home was 38%, 33%, 35%, and 31%, whereas in patients with CS GN-BSIs, the percentage of patients discharged home was 58%, 53%, 48%, and 43% for patients with days to appropriate therapy of 0, 1-2, 3-4, and >= 5 days, respectively. Conclusion The findings from this study highlight the clear need to deliver appropriate therapy more expeditiously in patients with CS and CR GN-BSIs.