Flow of viscoplastic fluids containing hybrid nanoparticles: Extended Buongiorno's model

This paper investigates numerically the flow of a temperature-dependent viscoplastic fluid containing hybrid Ag and MgO nanoparticles through a ventilated heated cavity. A new approach for modeling the hybrid nanoparticle migration is proposed. The proposed model, which is based on Buongiorno's non-homogeneous model, takes into account the nanoparticles mass flux due to both Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion, for each solid constituent. This is done by adding a mass conservation equation for each nanoparticle type, considering no mass flux at the walls. The results reveal that the nanoparticle distribution is the same for both constituents due to the dominance of inertia and buoyancy forces over slip mechanisms.