Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
Volume 21, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155418
Keywords
extracellular vesicles; protein sorting; membrane proteins; cytokines; tumor angiogenesis; anti-angiogenic therapy; therapy resistance
Funding
- U.S. National Institutes of Health [CA207034]
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The tumor vasculature is essential for tumor growth and metastasis, and is a prime target of several anti-cancer agents. Increasing evidence indicates that tumor angiogenesis is stimulated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted or shed by cancer cells. These EVs encapsulate a variety of biomolecules with angiogenic properties, and have been largely thought to stimulate vessel formation by transferring this luminal cargo into endothelial cells. However, recent studies have revealed that EVs can also signal to recipient cells via proteins on the vesicular surface. This review discusses and integrates emerging insights into the diverse mechanisms by which proteins associate with the EV membrane, the biological functions of EV membrane-associated proteins in tumor angiogenesis, and the clinical significance of these proteins in anti-angiogenic therapy.
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