Journal
ENERGIES
Volume 13, Issue 15, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/en13153763
Keywords
ammonium nitrate; ANFO; morphology; thermal stability; VOD; post-blast fumes
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Funding
- Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering at the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow [16.16.100.215]
- statutory research of the Central Mining Institute [11060217]
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Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) samples, which were obtained by blending two different types of ammonium nitrate porous prills (i.e., AN-PP7 and AN-PP8) with fuel oil (FO) were studied. Measurements of structure, crystallinity and morphology were performed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. From the SEM analysis, it was indicated that a wrinkled structure characterized the crystal surface of the samples, which were based on two types of ammonium nitrate porous prill. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) confirmed that AN-PP7 had a higher absorption index in comparison to AN-PP8. Furthermore, it was shown that continuous AN phase transformations at precise temperatures took place. From the blasting test, it was indicated that the absorption index only had an influence on the content of toxic fumes. However, the velocity of detonation (VOD) depended solely on the ANFO density as well as the total volume of post-blast fumes.
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