Hydroxyapatite derived from food industry bio-wastes: Syntheses, properties and its potential multifunctional applications

Food industry's wastes such as eggshell, bones and seafood shells that are usually piled up in landfill can indeed serve as an excellent precursor to form bioceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite owing to its high calcium content. The present manuscript is aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the utilization of various food industry's bio-waste in producing hydroxyapatite. Properties of hydroxyapatite prepared using different biowaste sources will be thoroughly discussed with respect to different preparation methods used. In addition, this review also explores the potential employment of different biowaste-derived hydroxyapatite in multidisciplinary fields, including biomedical (bone tissue engineering, metallic implant coating, drug delivery) and environmental pollution remediation applications. The concept of transforming bio-waste into hydroxyapatite is not only promising in addressing the environmental issues caused by waste disposal but also creating an economic opportunity to manufacture products required for pharmaceutical and environmental-related industries.