Journal
BIOFOULING
Volume 36, Issue 6, Pages 646-659Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1796983
Keywords
QCM; zwitterion; crosslinking; swellability; Navicula perminuta; Balanus improvisus
Funding
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [LA 611/14-1, LA 611/14-2, RO 2524/4-1, RO 2524/4-2]
- Office of Naval Research (ONR) [N00014-16-12979, N0014-20-12244, N00014-16-1-2988, N00014-16-1-3125, N00014-16-1-3123]
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Hydrogel coatings effectively reduce the attachment of proteins and organisms in laboratory assays, in particular when made from zwitterionic monomers. In field experiments with multiple species and non-living material, such coatings suffer from adsorption of particulate matter. In this study, the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] propanesulfonate (SPE) was copolymerized with increasing amounts of the photo-crosslinker benzophenon-4-yloxyethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) to systematically alter the density of crosslinks between the polymer chains. The effect of increasing crosslink density on the antifouling (AF) performance of the coatings was investigated in laboratory assays and fields tests. In both cases, the AF performance was improved by increasing the crosslinker content. The coatings reduced protein, diatom, and barnacle accumulation, and showed better resistance to biomass accumulation. The findings underline that the marine AF performance of hydrogel coatings does not only depend on the specific chemical structure of the polymers, but also on their physico-chemical properties such as rigidity and swelling.
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