Article
Construction & Building Technology
Alekha Kumar Mishra, Deepak Puthal, Asis Kumar Tripathy
Summary: This study introduces a novel symmetric cryptosystem based on graphs, aiming to achieve data confidentiality. The proposed cryptosystem encrypts and decrypts plaintext and ciphertext using directed graphs and specific operations, offering a simplified transformation process. Research findings demonstrate that the cryptosystem is highly secure against brute-force attacks, but incurs slightly higher execution time than AES when handling larger plaintexts.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Telecommunications
Isiaka. A. Alimi, Romilkumar K. Patel, Akeem O. Mufutau, Nelson J. Muga, Armando N. Pinto, Paulo P. Monteiro
Summary: The paper discusses the excessive energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in wireless networks, with a focus on energy efficiency and green communications in mobile networks. By reviewing various energy efficiency improvement techniques and considering a hybrid model, an energy-efficient power allocation algorithm is proposed to support the energy demand of wireless networks.
WIRELESS PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Imran Ahmed, Yulan Zhang, Gwanggil Jeon, Wenmin Lin, Mohammad R. Khosravi, Lianyong Qi
Summary: Advancements in digital technologies have revolutionized smart city applications, and the convergence of artificial intelligence and blockchain technology has transformed smart city infrastructures and promoted sustainable IoT applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
(2022)
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Sukhpal Singh Gill, Minxian Xu, Carlo Ottaviani, Panos Patros, Rami Bahsoon, Arash Shaghaghi, Muhammed Golec, Vlado Stankovski, Huaming Wu, Ajith Abraham, Manmeet Singh, Harshit Mehta, Soumya K. Ghosh, Thar Baker, Ajith Kumar Parlikad, Hanan Lutfiyya, Salil S. Kanhere, Rizos Sakellariou, Schahram Dustdar, Omer Rana, Ivona Brandic, Steve Uhlig
Summary: Autonomic computing investigates how systems can achieve specified control outcomes on their own. Integrating AI/ML to improve resource autonomy and performance remains a fundamental challenge. Experts in the field discuss current research, potential future directions, and challenges and opportunities for leveraging AI and ML in emerging computing paradigms.
INTERNET OF THINGS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Yogeswaranathan Kalyani, Rem Collier
Summary: Cloud Computing has limitations in ultra-low latency, high bandwidth, security, and real-time analytics when dealing with large amounts of data, where Fog and Edge Computing offer solutions. The use of Cloud, Fog, and Edge in smart agriculture applications is increasing, with this article aiming to review current works in this area. The review identifies relevant research, proposes a new architecture model, and discusses components, communication protocols, challenges, and future research directions in smart agriculture.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Zakaria Abou El Houda, Bouziane Brik
Summary: The rapid emergence of the Metaverse is driving innovation in power generation. This has provided an opportunity to develop a secure and sustainable energy trading system using Smart Grid, Virtual Power Plants, Digital Twins, and Blockchain. Next-Power, a next-generation framework, is proposed for secure and sustainable energy trading in the Metaverse, demonstrating successful experimental results in terms of flexibility, efficiency, security, and cost-effectiveness.
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Sita Rani, Ram Krishn Mishra, Mohammed Usman, Aman Kataria, Pramod Kumar, Pankaj Bhambri, Amit Kumar Mishra
Summary: The concept of smart city involves integrating information and communication technology to address urban issues, promote economic and social development, provide comfortable living environments, and focus on sustainability and connectivity. Advanced computational and communication technologies such as IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Big Data, and Cloud Computing play a crucial role in the smart city framework, enabling innovative solutions for various domains.
Review
Computer Science, Information Systems
Abhishek Hazra, Pradeep Rana, Mainak Adhikari, Tarachand Amgoth
Summary: In recent times, the Internet of Things (IoT) applications have generated a large volume of real-time data for decision making. To address the challenges of network congestion, data loss, latency, and energy consumption, fog computing emerges in a distributed environment that extends computation and storage facilities at the edge of the network. Compared to centralized cloud infrastructure, a distributed fog framework can support delay-sensitive IoT applications with minimum latency and energy consumption. Our survey covers the layered IoT architecture, evaluation metrics, and applications aspects of fog computing and its progress in the last four years.
COMPUTER SCIENCE REVIEW
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yassine Himeur, Mariam Elnour, Fodil Fadli, Nader Meskin, Ioan Petri, Yacine Rezgui, Faycal Bensaali, Abbes Amira
Summary: Smart cities aim to reduce wasted energy, improve grid stability, and meet service demand by adopting next-generation energy systems and leveraging artificial intelligence, IoT, and communication technologies to collect and analyze real-time big data. However, training machine learning algorithms for energy-related tasks in sustainable smart cities is a challenging data science task. Transfer learning has been proposed as a promising solution to address these challenges.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Zaiba Shah, Muhammad Naeem, Umer Javed, Waleed Ejaz, Mohammad Altaf
Summary: This survey provides a comprehensive overview of radio resource management (RRM) optimization techniques for UAVs, including cloud, fog, mobile edge computing (MEC), and cloudlet, as well as discussing challenges and future research directions.
Review
Telecommunications
Shahid Sultan Hajam, Shabir Ahmad Sofi
Summary: Smart cities enhance people's quality of life through the use of ICT and IoT, with cloud services being a common reliance. However, cloud computing has limitations in terms of latency and mobility, which fog computing aims to overcome by providing services closer to the edges. This study investigates IoT-Fog based smart city architectures and discusses the challenges faced by fog computing.
CHINA COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Civil
Hong Hao, Kaiming Bi, Wensu Chen, Thong M. Pham, Jun Li
Summary: The design philosophy of civil engineering structures has evolved from strength-based to performance-based, and is now focusing on resilience-based design. This paper discusses the necessity, challenge, and opportunity for the development of the next generation design of sustainable, durable, multi-hazard resistant, resilient and smart civil engineering structures, and identifies five key aspects for their construction.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Review
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mohammad Peydayesh, Raffaele Mezzenga
Summary: Global water scarcity is a rapidly spreading challenge, while current water purification technologies are often unsustainable. This review highlights the research on water purification technologies based on protein nanofibrils as a green and affordable solution to alleviate a water crisis.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Energy & Fuels
Faiaz Ahsan, Nazia Hasan Dana, Subrata K. Sarker, Li Li, S. M. Muyeen, Md. Firoj Ali, Zinat Tasneem, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Sarafat Hussain Abhi, Md. Robiul Islam, Md. Hafiz Ahamed, Md. Manirul Islam, Sajal K. Das, Md. Faisal R. Badal, Prangon Das
Summary: Meteorological changes drive the engineering community to seek sustainable and clean energy solutions for reducing CO2 emissions to protect the environment. The concept of the Smart Grid (SG) has emerged as an efficient means of utilizing reliable energy technology. The development of the Next-Generation Smart Grid (NGSG) aims to address non-linearity and uncertainty by integrating advanced data-driven techniques. This paper presents the framework of NGSG and explores the use of intelligent technical features, data-driven techniques, and their challenges and prospects in achieving sustainable and clean energy.
PROTECTION AND CONTROL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Thiago Pereira Da Silva, Thais Batista, Frederico Lopes, Aluizio Rocha Neto, Flavia C. Delicato, Paulo F. Pires, Atslands R. Da Rocha
Summary: The use of Fog Computing paradigm in platforms for Smart Cities is promising but lacks a comprehensive overview and identification of important research gaps.
ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Moayad Aloqaily, Haya Elayan, Mohsen Guizani
Summary: The advancement of wireless connectivity in smart cities enhances connections between key elements, and the federated intelligent health monitoring systems in autonomous vehicles contribute to improving quality of life. This study proposes C-HealthIER, a cooperative health intelligent emergency response system that monitors passengers' health and conducts cooperative behavior to reduce emergency treatment time and distance by sharing information between vehicles and infrastructure.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Xuan Pan, Xiangrui Cai, Kehui Song, Thar Baker, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Xiaojie Yuan
Summary: With the rapid development of mobile technology, it has become very convenient to share people's current locations on Location-Based Social Networks (LBSNs) by checking-in. This paper proposes a location recommendation model called SIGMA, which uses individual and group mobility behaviors to generate recommendation scores and outperforms existing models.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Yuan Cheng, Baojiang Cui, Chen Chen, Thar Baker, Tao Qi
Summary: This paper proposes a new approach that combines ambient information with binary code information to generate an ACFG for discovering vulnerabilities from binaries accurately. The transformed graph is analyzed using a deep neural network. The experiment shows that this method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability, with an average accuracy of over 80% on real-world vulnerability datasets.
COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Jie Yang, Jun Zheng, Thar Baker, Shuai Tang, Yu-an Tan, Quanxin Zhang
Summary: Federated Learning (FL) is suitable for distributed edge collaboration in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides data security and privacy. However, the latest research shows that FL is vulnerable to poisoning attacks. To address this challenge, the clean-label attacks are proposed for edge-cloud synergistic FL.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Nouman Shamim, Muhammad Asim, Thar Baker, Ali Ismail Awad
Summary: The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced rapid growth and wide adoption, but lacks sufficient security measures, leading to serious cyber-attacks. Anomaly detection approaches are considered effective in this context, and a host-based approach using system call data and a Markov chain is proposed to address the challenges faced by existing methods. The proposed approach shows high performance in detecting anomalies and has been evaluated against various attacks using different datasets.
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Xin Wang, Peng Jiang, Thar Baker, Tielei Li, Liehuang Zhu
Summary: This paper proposes a reliable and privacy-aware access control system named R-PAC, which combines functional encryption and blockchain to address security issues in IoT applications, particularly in user privacy and access reliability.
COMPUTER STANDARDS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Yajie Wang, Yu-an Tan, Thar Baker, Neeraj Kumar, Quanxin Zhang
Summary: Industry 5.0 aims to merge the cognitive computing capabilities of DNNs with human resourcefulness in collaborative operations. However, DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, bringing risks to Industrial AIoT systems. To solve these problems, we propose two novel deep fusion methods.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Ruqayah Al-ani, Thar Baker, Bo Zhou, Qi Shi
Summary: Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork (VANET) safety applications aim to enhance traffic safety by improving drivers' awareness of the driving environment. However, these applications often involve sensitive information that can be exploited by malicious entities. To address this issue, researchers propose a scheme that enhances both privacy and safety by reducing silent periods and using a multi-target tracking algorithm to change pseudonyms and prevent potential accidents. Simulation results show that this scheme achieves an efficient balance between security, privacy, and safety compared to other schemes.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Wenjun Song, Mengqi Liu, Thar Baker, Qikun Zhang, Yu-an Tan
Summary: Federated learning is widely used in IoT scenarios, but frequent encryption and decryption operations seriously affect its efficiency. This article proposes a group key agreement technique to encrypt and decrypt data transmitted among IoT terminals, keeping private information and confidential data from being leaked. The key agreement scheme includes hidden attribute authentication, multipolicy access, and ciphertext storage, designed with an edge-cloud collaborative network architecture. The performance analysis shows that this model has better performance compared with existing literature in terms of computational complexity and time.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Syed Luqman Shah, Ziaul Haq Abbas, Ghulam Abbas, Fazal Muhammad, Aseel Hussien, Thar Baker
Summary: This paper proposes a reliable and energy-efficient UAV-assisted clustering hierarchical (EEUCH) routing protocol for remote wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based IoT applications. The proposed protocol uses wake-up receivers (WuRs) and time division multiple access (TDMA) slots to collect data from ground sensor nodes (SNs) and successfully tackles the issues of cluster overlapping and energy efficiency.
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Neeraj Kumar, Thar Baker, Deepa Natarajan, Prabadevi Boopathy, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta
Summary: This study proposes a MFO-based ensemble machine learning model for intrusion detection in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). The model selects optimal features using MFO and trains them with linear regression, random forest, and XGBoost classification algorithms, achieving 100% accuracy and recall, as well as 99.5% precision on shellcode attacks.
MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROSYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Xianduo Li, Xiaoli Gong, Dong Wang, Jin Zhang, Thar Baker, Jin Zhou, Tingjuan Lu
Summary: This paper proposes an on-device inference optimization framework called ABM-SpConv-SIMD, aiming to accelerate network inference by fully utilizing low-cost and common CPU resources. Experimental results show that ABM-SpConv-SIMD can significantly improve performance and achieve acceleration with negligible loss of accuracy.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Shini Girija, Thar Baker, Naveed Ahmed, Ahmed M. Khedr, Zaher Al Aghbari, Ashish Jha, Konstantin Sobolev, Salman Ahmadi Asl, Anh-Huy Phan
Summary: The advancement of person re-identification using attribute recognition is hindered by strict data privacy standards, as it requires centralized storage of sensitive personal data in the cloud. This paper proposes an all-in-edge architecture for attribute-based person re-identification, utilizing federated learning and transfer learning methods to minimize communication and computational costs. The paper also introduces a federated aggregation strategy, FedTransferLoss, which achieves higher accuracy compared to traditional algorithms.
INTERNET OF THINGS
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Computer Science, Information Systems
Mohammed Al-khafajiy, Ghaith Al-Tameemi, Thar Baker
Summary: The fast growth of Internet of Things devices and communication protocols presents both opportunities for lifestyle-enhancing services and risks of cyber attacks. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) flooding attacks are a prominent threat to IoT, which require prompt mitigation due to their potential to cause unplanned outages. In this paper, a solution called DDoS-FOCUS is proposed, utilizing a machine learning model implemented at fog nodes to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks. The preliminary test showed an accuracy rate of 99.8% in detecting DDoS attacks.
2023 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDGE COMPUTING AND COMMUNICATIONS, EDGE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Chen Liang, Thar Baker, Yuanzhang Li, Raheel Nawaz, Yu-An Tan
Summary: This paper introduces the application of covert timing channels in IoT-enabled Maritime Transportation Systems (MTS) for secure data transmission. By implementing multi-stage verification and error correction, a covert timing channel with low bit shifting rate and high reliability is constructed. The transmission performance is maintained at acceptable levels and noise interference is effectively reduced when the bit error rate is below the specified thresholds.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Gabriele Bernardini, Tiago Miguel Ferreira, Pilar Baquedano Julia, Rafael Ramirez Eudave, Enrico Quagliarini
Summary: This research offers a methodology for combined spatiotemporal flood risk assessment, considering hazard, physical vulnerability, user exposure, and vulnerability. It adopts a mesoscale approach and investigates indoor and outdoor users' exposure and vulnerability, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process to combine risk factors.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ying Liu, Chunli Chu, Ruijun Zhang, Shaoqing Chen, Chao Xu, Dongliang Zhao, Chunchun Meng, Meiting Ju, Zhi Cao
Summary: This study investigates the effects of increasing road, wall, and roof albedo on mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect in different areas of Tianjin. The results reveal that increasing road albedo is more effective in fringe areas, while increasing wall and roof albedo is more effective in central areas. The temperature changes induced by albedo changes also show seasonal characteristics.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xisheng Lin, Yunfei Fu, Daniel Z. Peng, Chun-Ho Liu, Mengyuan Chu, Zengshun Chen, Fan Yang, Tim K. T. Tse, Cruz Y. Li, Xinxin Feng
Summary: This study employed computational fluid dynamics and neural network models to investigate and predict pollutant dispersion in urban environments, providing valuable insights for designing effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of hazardous pollutants.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Dipanjan Nag, Arkopal Kishore Goswami
Summary: Future-oriented urban planning should continue to focus on the principles of accessible and walkable cities. The perception of people is crucial for developing better urban walking infrastructure, but current evaluation tools often neglect the "perceived" features of the walking network. This study used conjoint analysis to evaluate users' perception of link and network attributes, revealing the importance of considering both in improving the walking environment.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yongxin Su, Tao Zhang, Mengyao Xu, Mao Tan, Yuzhou Zhang, Rui Wang, Ling Wang
Summary: This study proposes an optimization method for household integrated demand response (HIDR) by combining rough knowledge and a dueling deep Q-network (DDQN), aiming to address uncertainties in a household multi-energy system (HMES). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms rule-based methods and DDQN in terms of energy cost savings.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sijia Sun, S. F. A. Batista, Monica Menendez, Yuanqing Wang, Shuang Zhang
Summary: This paper comprehensively analyzes the energy consumption characteristics of electric buses (EBs) and diesel buses (DBs) on different bus lane configurations and operational conditions. The study shows that EBs consume less energy in suburban areas when using regular lanes, while both EBs and DBs save substantial energy when operating on dedicated bus lanes in downtown areas. Notably, shared-use bus lanes have the highest energy consumption.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shangshang Shen, Dan Yan, Xiaojie Liu
Summary: This study developed a comprehensive theoretical framework for evaluating, diagnosing, and optimizing multi-functional urban agriculture. The framework was applied in Xiamen, China to identify the obstacles that impede its coordinated development and propose optimized modes for its development. Results showed that urban agriculture in Xiamen exhibits sound social function, moderate economic function, and poor ecological function.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Oluwafemi E. Adeyeri, Akinleye H. Folorunsho, Kayode I. Ayegbusi, Vishal Bobde, Tolulope E. Adeliyi, Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Akintomide A. Akinsanola
Summary: This study examines the impact of land cover, vegetation health, climatic forcings, elevation heat loads, and terrain characteristics on land surface temperature distribution over West Africa. The random forest model performs the best in downscaling predictands. The southern regions consistently exhibit healthy vegetation, while areas with unhealthy vegetation coincide with hot land surface temperature clusters. Positive Normalized Difference Vegetation Index trends in the Sahel highlight rainfall recovery and subsequent greening. Southwest winds cause the upwelling of cold waters, resulting in low land surface temperatures in southern West Africa. Considering LVCET factors is crucial for prioritizing greening initiatives and urban planning.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Yuchi Cao, Yan Li, Shouyun Shen, Weiwei Wang, Xiao Peng, Jiaao Chen, Jingpeng Liao, Xinyi Lv, Yifan Liu, Lehan Ma, Guodian Hu, Jinghuan Jiang, Dan Sun, Qingchu Jiang, Qiulin Liao
Summary: The study reveals significant disparities in urban green equity, with high property price areas having better access to green spaces than low property price areas. Landscape and greening have the most significant impact on urban green space differentiation.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Shaobo Sun, Kui Shan, Shengwei Wang
Summary: Economizer control is an important measure for energy savings in air-conditioning systems during moderate seasons. Humidity measurement uncertainties have a significant impact on enthalpy-based economizer control, and an uncertainty-tolerant control strategy is proposed to mitigate these effects.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ding Mao, Peng Wang, Yi-Ping Fang, Long Ni
Summary: This study analyzes the structure, function, operation, and failure characteristics of district heating networks (DHNs) and proposes vulnerability analysis methods. The effectiveness of these methods is validated through application to a DHN in a Chinese city. The study finds that the heat source connectivity efficiency loss rate effectively characterizes topological and functional vulnerability. It also reveals that controllable DHNs have higher functional vulnerability under large area failure scenarios.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Hamid Karimi, Saeed Hasanzadeh, Hedayat Saboori
Summary: This paper presents a stochastic and cooperative approach for the operation of a cluster of interconnected multi-energy systems. The proposed model investigates the interaction among energy systems and integrates hydrogen and water systems into the overall energy structure. The model studies the performance of energy system agents in decentralized and cooperative scheduling.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zhiyu Yan, Xiaogang Guo, Zilong Zhao, Luliang Tang
Summary: This study proposes a novel framework for fine-grained information extraction and dynamic spatial-temporal awareness in disaster-stricken areas based on social media data. The framework utilizes deep learning modules to extract location and water depth information from text and images, and analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics. The results show that the fusion of text and image-based information can enhance the perception of flood processes.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
M. A. Pans, G. Claudio, P. C. Eames
Summary: This study simulated and optimized a speculative district heating system in an existing urban area in Loughborough, UK. The system used only renewable heat sources and thermal energy storage to address the mismatch between heat generation and demand. The study assessed the impact of long-term storage volume and charging temperature on system cost and energy efficiency.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Jianmei Zhong, Wei Zhang, Xiaoli Wang, Jinsheng Zhan, Tao Xia, Lingzhi Xie, Xiding Zeng, Kun Yang, Zhangyu Li, Ruiwen Zou, Zepu Bai, Qing Wang, Chenyang Zhang
Summary: This study aims to propose a suitable air distribution design and reduce the energy consumption of the BSL-4 laboratory. It analyzes the diffusion characteristics of aerosols, infection risk under different air distributions, and ventilation parameters. The results show that the proposed energy-saving operation strategy can reduce the energy consumption of the laboratory by 15-30%.
SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
(2024)
