The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Submesoscale Processes in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone

Submesoscale flows are energetic processes in the upper ocean that occur at scales of a few kilometers. These phenomena are important to climate because they can strongly impact vertical motions of heat, carbon, and biogeochemical properties between the surface and deep ocean. Their presence and magnitude are poorly understood in the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and under sea ice due to a lack of observations. We present tagged southern elephant seal hydrographic data from the eastern Weddell Sea, over the austral late summer to spring in 2008, to assess the magnitude and seasonality of submesoscale processes in the Antarctic MIZ. We consider the linkages between sea ice cover, ocean stress variability, and mixed layer depth and how these influence the submesoscale fluxes. We find that there is a strong seasonal cycle in the magnitude of the equivalent heat flux from submesoscale flows (240 Wm(-2)), with peak activity occurring in midwinter. Periods of increased variability in sea ice cover, likely associated with leads, are also linked to restratification through submesoscale fluxes in midwinter. These findings have implications for understanding the magnitude and variability of upper ocean stratification and therefore highlights the importance of developing parameterizations for submesoscale processes in the Antarctic MIZ within global climate models.