Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Hui-Yuan Chong, Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Jodi Woan-Fei Law, Kar-Wai Hong, Vanassa Ratnasingam, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Learn-Han Lee, Vengadesh Letchumanan
Summary: Early-life gut microbiota has a significant impact on health and disease risk later in life. Infant feeding methods, such as breastfeeding or formula feeding, influence the colonization and composition of the gut microbiome. Human milk contains diverse microbial populations, nutrients, and bioactive components that promote infant growth and immunological development. Formula milk is often supplemented with prebiotics or probiotics to simulate the effects of breastfeeding and encourage the formation of a healthy gut microbiome.
Review
Food Science & Technology
Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
Summary: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are being investigated as a novel food source with potential health benefits for infant immunity and gut health. However, limited controlled clinical trials have been conducted on a few HMOs, requiring more research to confirm the necessity of routine supplementation in formulas.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION
(2021)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Wusun Li, Jingxuan Wang, Yingying Lin, Yixuan Li, Fazheng Ren, Huiyuan Guo
Summary: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally diverse sugars highly abundant in human milk, with beneficial functions on infants such as modulating gut microbiota and promoting brain development. While some HMOs have been demonstrated safe to be added into infant formula, their application is currently limited by insufficient availability, calling for further basic and clinical studies in this field.
TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Tomas Cerdo, Alicia Ruiz, Inmaculada Acuna, Ana Nieto-Ruiz, Estefania Dieguez, Natalia Sepulveda-Valbuena, Mireia Escudero-Marin, Jose Antonio Garcia-Santos, Maria Garcia-Ricobaraza, Florian Herrmann, Jose Antonio Moreno-Munoz, Roser De Castellar, Jesus Jimenez, Antonio Suarez, Cristina Campoy
Summary: This study compared the development of gut microbiota in infants and found that different enterotypes were associated with age and feeding type. The use of a new formula was associated with significantly higher language scores in infants at 12 months of age, while at 4 years of age, the neurodevelopmental outcomes were similar to those of breastfed infants.
CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2022)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Metehan Ozen, Hugues Piloquet, Monika Schaubeck
Summary: Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants, with human milk containing numerous functional ingredients that promote immune system development. The human milk microbiota plays a significant role in this protective effect, through mechanisms such as antimicrobial activity, pathogen exclusion, gastrointestinal microbiota modulation, vitamin synthesis, immune enhancement, probiotic factors, and postbiotic mechanisms. Human milk is a valuable source for probiotics isolation, particularly for infants who cannot be exclusively breastfed. One such probiotic, Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716, has been isolated from human milk. This review provides an overview of interventional and preclinical trials investigating the efficacy and mechanisms of action of Limosilactobacillus fermentum CECT5716. Randomized clinical studies evaluating the clinical benefits of this strain in promoting host health are also presented.
Review
Microbiology
Erica Kosmerl, Diana Rocha-Mendoza, Joana Ortega-Anaya, Rafael Jimenez-Flores, Israel Garcia-Cano
Summary: The synergy between MFGM and probiotics benefits human health by influencing the survival and adhesion of probiotic bacteria in gastrointestinal transit, mucosal immunity, and neurocognitive behavior in developing infants.
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Shunhao Zhang, Tianle Li, Jing Xie, Demao Zhang, Caixia Pi, Lingyun Zhou, Wenbin Yang
Summary: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in human milk play a crucial role in infant growth and health by interacting with the gut microbiota to support beneficial bacteria growth, exhibit anti-pathogenic effects, and modulate intestinal epithelial cell response. Recent studies have shown the potential of HMOs in improving infant health and reducing disease risk, emphasizing the molecular basis of their beneficial effects.
MICROBIAL CELL FACTORIES
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Camille Jung, Adolfo Gonzalez Serrano, Christophe Batard, Elisa Seror, Georges Gelwane, Amelie Poidvin, Isabelle Lavallee, Annie Elbez, Maxime Brussieux, Colin Prosser, Sophie Gallier, Marc Bellaiche
Summary: This study examined infants' preferences for goat milk formula and cow milk formula, as well as their feeding behavior and quality of life. The results showed that infants fed with goat milk formula exhibited greater general appetite and better quality of life compared to those fed with cow milk formula.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Laurentya Olga, Janna A. van Diepen, Maciej Chichlowski, Clive J. Petry, Jacques Vervoort, David B. Dunger, Guus A. M. Kortman, Gabriele Gross, Ken K. Ong
Summary: This study investigated the origins and determining factors of butyrate in human milk and its influence on infant weight gain. The results showed that higher concentrations of butyrate in human milk were associated with lower infant weight and adiposity, especially in younger infants. Furthermore, the study found an inverse correlation between butyrate concentration and milk intake volume, suggesting a potential mechanism involving appetite regulation and modulation of milk intake.
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Esben S. Sorensen, Brian Christensen
Summary: Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in various cell types and found in most tissues and physiological secretions. It plays a role in immune system regulation, biomineralization, tissue development, bacterial interactions, and more. OPN is highly concentrated in milk and is believed to have developmental and physiological effects on infants. This article reviews and compares existing knowledge on the structure, function, and health implications of milk OPN.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Kunyi Zhao, Hao Pang, Kaidi Shao, Zizhen Yang, Shangyong Li, Ningning He
Summary: Gut inflammation, with increasing incidence, significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Current treatment methods, such as surgery and drugs, may cause irreversible damage, particularly in infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as natural components in breast milk, serve as probiotics in the treatment and prevention of gut inflammation. They improve gut microbiota abundance, enhance the gut barrier function, and reduce inflammatory reactions. Functional oligosaccharides are being explored as substitutes for HMOs due to their complex synthesis and high cost. This review summarizes the therapeutic and preventive effects of HMOs and their potential application in replacing breast milk for infants.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Xiuxiu Zhang, Lu Liu, Lina Wang, Yue Pan, Xinyue Hao, Gengxu Zhang, Xiaodong Li, Muhammad Hussain
Summary: The study analyzed and compared the lipidome and fatty acid composition of human milk and infant formulas with different fat sources, finding common lipid species but significant variations in fatty acid composition, especially depending on the fat source used in the formulas. Overall, the results provide valuable insights for designing new milk formulas that better replicate human milk.
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Maha Hoteit, Carla Ibrahim, Joanna Nohra, Yonna Sacre, Lara Hanna-Wakim, Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh
Summary: A study in the Lebanese market found that the majority of infant formulas and baby food products examined did not comply with regulations and nutrition labels. They also revealed high levels of saturated fatty acids and added sugars. This emphasizes the importance of policymakers in improving infant and young children feeding practices.
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Jin-Ran Chen, Hallie A. Samuel, Julie Shlisky, Clark R. Sims, Oxana P. Lazarenko, D. Keith Williams, Aline Andres, Thomas M. Badger
Summary: This study aimed to investigate the early effects of soy-based infant formula on bone metabolism and structure. It found that 6-month-old infants who consumed soy-based infant formula showed improved bone metabolism, but no significant differences in bone metabolism or density were observed between ages 2 and 6.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jing-Yi Mou, Qing-Hua Liu, Zi-Yi Wang, Zhang-Wen Ma, Mitchell A. Sullivan, Zhao Liu, Liang Wang
Summary: Human milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, and its composition and concentration vary during lactation. This study provides an overview of the primary constituents of human milk and examines the existence of free glycogen in human milk. The findings suggest that free glycogen may be present in human milk.
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
(2023)