Tributyltin and triphenyltin induce 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 expression and activity through activation of retinoid X receptor α

Exposure to the environmental pollutants organotins is of toxicological concern for the marine ecosystem and sensitive human populations, including pregnant women and their unborn children. Using a placenta cell model, we investigated whether organotins at nanomolar concentrations affect the expression and activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 beta-HSD2). 11 beta-HSD2 represents a placental barrier controlling access of maternal glucocorticoids to the fetus. The organotins tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) induced 11 beta-HSD2 expression and activity in JEG-3 placenta cells, an effect confirmed at the mRNA level in primary human trophoblast cells. Inhibition/knock-down of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) in JEG-3 cells reduced the effect of organotins on 11 beta-HSD2 activity, mRNA and protein levels, revealing involvement of RXR alpha. Experiments using RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors indicated that the effect of organotins on 11 beta-HSD2 expression was direct and caused by increased transcription. Induction of placental 11 beta-HSD2 activity by TBT, TPT and other endocrine disrupting chemicals acting as RXR alpha agonists may affect placental barrier function by altering the expression of glucocorticoid-dependent genes and resulting in decreased availability of active glucocorticoids for the fetus, disturbing development and increasing the risk for metabolic and cardiovascular complications in later life.