Journal
REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
Volume 92, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.92.021001
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Funding
- H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies Quantum Technologies Flagship project MACQSIMAL [820393]
- H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies Quantum Technologies Flagship project QRANGE [820405]
- H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions project ITN ZULF-NMR [766402]
- Spanish MINECO project OCARINA [PGC2018-097056-B-I00]
- Spanish MINECO project Q-CLOCKS [PCI2018-092973]
- Spanish MINECO Severo Ochoa program [SEV-2015-0522]
- Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA program
- Generalitat de Catalunya through the RIS3CAT project QuantumCAT
- Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca Grant [2017-SGR-1354]
- Fundacio Privada Cellex
- European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) program [17FUN03-USOQS]
- European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program [17FUN03-USOQS]
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The energy resolution per bandwidth E-R is a figure of merit that combines the field resolution, bandwidth or duration of the measurement, and size of the sensed region. Several different dc magnetometer technologies approach E-R = h, while to date none have surpassed this level. This suggests a technology-spanning quantum limit, a suggestion that is strengthened by model-based calculations for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, for superconducting quantum interference device sensors, and for some optically pumped alkali-vapor magnetometers, all of which predict a quantum limit close to E-R = h. This Colloquium reviews what is known about energy resolution limits, with the aim of understanding when and how E-R is limited by quantum effects. A survey of reported sensitivity versus size of the sensed region for more than 20 magnetometer technologies is included, the known model-based quantum limits are reviewed, and possible sources for a technology-spanning limit are critically assessed, including zero-point fluctuations, magnetic self-interaction, and quantum speed limits. Finally, sensing approaches are described that appear to be unconstrained by any of the known limits, thus making them candidates to surpass E-R = h.
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