Article
Polymer Science
Carmen Mijangos, Itxaso Calafel, Antxon Santamaria
Summary: Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a widely used commodity polymer that is continuously evolving. It has recently been demonstrated that PVC is suitable for extrusion-based 3D printing, allowing the production of tailored flexible and ductile PVC objects. This article describes the important characteristics of PVC, including production and applications, as well as its drawbacks of thermal degradation and plasticizer exudation. The article also discusses recent efforts and advances in overcoming these limitations and developing new applications through modification reactions and the use of PVC formulations in additive manufacturing.
Article
Polymer Science
Rabia Arslan, Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen, Mehmet Arslan
Summary: This study reports a benign chemical modification method for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) using the Barbier reaction. By generating nucleophilic alkyl-magnesium chloride groups on the polymer backbone, the structure of PVC can be modified to improve its functionalization degree. The method is simple and can be easily adjusted to achieve the desired level of functionalization.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Ze-Zhong Lin, Yan Wang, Xiao-Bo Yang, Shang-Rong Yan, Yu Chen, Hai-Chao Li, Gang Wang
Summary: In order to achieve wider applications of soft PVC, a series of three-arm star copolymers with a hard PLA-rich core and a soft PCL-rich shell (S3-PLA-PCL) were prepared as plasticizers. The monomer ratio, average polymerization degree, and type of LA were optimized to achieve the best mechanical performance of soft PVCs. The S3-PLA-PCL plasticized PVC exhibited higher modulus, strength, and toughness compared to other traditional plasticizers, highlighting the importance of the star topology and hard core in strengthening soft PVCs. Additionally, the S3-PLA-PCL plasticized PVC showed good migration resistance and transparency, making it a high-performance, green polymeric plasticizer for PVC plastics.
MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Katarzyna Skorczewska, Joanna Szulc, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Anna Ligocka, Slawomir Wilczewski
Summary: The purpose of this study was to modify plasticised PVC with natural cassia oil (CO) to obtain a material with antimicrobial properties and selected mechanical properties. The modified material showed increased antioxidant activity with the increase in cassia oil content and the duration of action. The largest growth inhibition zones were observed for L. monocytogenes. The modifier had a plasticising effect on PVC, evidenced by the decrease in modulus of elasticity and T-g, and the increase in elongation at break. The developed material may find application in the packaging used to store minimally processed food as an active and/or functional material emitting antimicrobial agents.
Review
Polymer Science
Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Skorczewska
Summary: This article provides a literature review on the recycling of PVC, including mechanical recycling and feedstock recycling methods. It also introduces the characteristics of PVC and its potential in the circular economy.
Article
Polymer Science
Carlos M. R. Abreu, Talita C. Rezende, Armenio C. Serra, Ana C. Fonseca, Rebecca Braslau, Jorge F. J. Coelho
Summary: A new strategy of internal plasticization of PVC was achieved by copolymerization of VC with n-BA and OEOA. The effect of solvent, initiator, polymerization temperature, and VC/n-BA/OEOA ratios on Tg of the resulting copolymers was investigated. The internally plasticized PVC copolymers showed lower Tg values than predicted, indicating effective plasticization of PVC. Under optimized conditions, different degrees of internal plasticization could be achieved by varying the initial monomer ratio. Importantly, the plasticizing moieties were covalently bonded to the polymer, resulting in no migration during extraction.
Article
Polymer Science
Jolanta Tomaszewska, Tomasz Sterzynski, Damian Walczak
Summary: The study investigated the thermal stability of PVC with 1 wt % of spherical porous nanosilica prepared by roll milling at various processing times. The addition of porous nanosilica was found to improve thermal stability by absorbing HCl gas produced during dehydrochlorination reaction, resulting in minor color changes and lower evolution of hydrogen chloride gas. The results showed that TGA measurements were not sensitive enough to detect PVC degradation at processing conditions below 220 degrees C.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Elvis Lopes Brito, Bertrand Willocq, Frederic Boschet, Nicholas Ballard
Summary: Although PVC is usually produced industrially by emulsion and suspension polymerization, it is rarely used directly as an aqueous polymer dispersion. However, this study shows that it is possible to produce high PVC content latexes with suitable particle morphology and size distribution for direct film formation. Hybrid PVC/acrylic latexes with a core-shell structure are produced by semi-batch emulsion polymerization using a preformed PVC latex as a seed. By using a bimodal particle size distribution, the packing efficiency of the PVC domains is increased, enabling film formation at room temperature with high PVC content.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nancy G. Bush, Mikiyas K. Assefa, Selin Bac, Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada, Megan E. Fieser
Summary: In the presence of (xantphos)RhCl catalyst, reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with triethyl silane in THF leads to partial reduction of PVC via hydrodechlorination. Increasing catalyst loading or using N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a solvent decreases the selectivity for hydrodechlorination. Reaction of PVC with sodium formate in THF affords excellent selectivity for hydrodechlorination along with complete PVC dechlorination, while higher catalyst loadings are required. In contrast, reaction of PVC with NaH in DMA exhibits good selectivity for dehydrochlorination and higher reaction rates.
MATERIALS HORIZONS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Caihong Xue, Hui Nan, Yunhua Lu, Huiyuan Chen, Chunyan Zhao, Shiai Xu
Summary: By treating fly ash with sodium hydroxide and ball milling, the number of surface -OH groups was increased, improving the interfacial adhesion with PVC. The interaction between the functional groups of ETi4 and the -OH groups on fly ash surface enhances the compatibility and interfacial bonding, leading to improved mechanical and thermal properties of PVC composites.
POLYMER COMPOSITES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Jingguo She, Haifu Gao, Ziping Song, Le Shi, Sihua Liu, Jiahui Li, Xiaolong Lu, Chunrui Wu
Summary: This paper reports a nanofiltration membrane (NFM) with improved uniformity and dually charged separation layer, formed on a properly modified poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) substrate by N-methylglucamine (NMG) molecules. The effect of NMG grafting on the structure and performance of PVC UF membranes and NFMs was studied. The results showed that the appropriate grafting of NMG molecules significantly improved the hydrophilicity of PVC UF membrane and enabled the formation of uniform and defect-free dually charged polyamide separation layer.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Chong Ding, Youpeng Zhang, Na Zhang, Xiangyun Di, Yi Li, Yihe Zhang
Summary: Red mud, a hazardous solid waste, needs efficient utilization methods. This study filled PVC composites with red mud and evaluated its effect on thermal stability and processing performance. The results showed that red mud improved thermal stability but worsened processing performance. Additionally, modified red mud showed better mechanical properties and thermal stability in PVC composites.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sa-Ad Riyajan
Summary: Green polymer, made from grafted natural rubber, exhibits high thermal stability, low moisture absorption, and sustained release of curcumin.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tianxiang Deng, Shouhai Li, Xiaohua Yang, Lina Xu, Haiyang Ding, Mei Li
Summary: In this study, three types of internally-plasticized PVC materials were prepared by grafting castor oil onto the PVC chain with different isocyanates as intermediate bridges. The plasticizing ability and thermal stability of the materials were discussed. It was found that using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the intermediate bridge had the best plasticizing effect, while using HDI trimer (THDI) optimized the thermal stability of the material.
Article
Polymer Science
He Zhang, Shengjie Guo, Zirui Wang, Zhenxu Huang, Ruikang Zhao, Ke Wang, Runlai Li, Qiang Fu
Summary: Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) modification to nonpolar polymers through van der Waals interaction achieves performance improvement in various applications. The physical binding between PVA and PE on UHMWPE membranes is stable and easy to establish, providing hydrophilic properties while maintaining the microstructure. This method also allows fine-tuning of nanostructures on the target polymer matrix at the nanometer level.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Magdalena Zdanowicz, Kamila Salasinska, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Skorczewska
Summary: Thermo plastic starch (TPS) was plasticized for the first time using ternary deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on urea/resorcinol/choline chloride (URCC) and enriched with lignin. The TPS modified with DES and lignin exhibited good mechanical properties, thermal compressing properties, and superior fire-retardant properties compared to commercial agricultural plastics. These materials can be used as biodegradable, safe, and functional mulches without the need for removal from cultivating fields.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Polymer Science
Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Skorczewska
Summary: This article provides a literature review on the recycling of PVC, including mechanical recycling and feedstock recycling methods. It also introduces the characteristics of PVC and its potential in the circular economy.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Katarzyna Skorczewska, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Slawomir Wilczewski
Summary: This study investigates the modification of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites using a hybrid carbon filler made of carbon fibers (CFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The results show that while there is a significant increase in the elastic modulus, there is no substantial improvement in the mechanical properties of the PVC/CF/CNT composites. However, there are slight increases in thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg). The addition of the hybrid filler leads to substantial changes in the electrical properties of the composites, with improved dispersibility of CNTs in the matrix.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Marcin Glowacki, Adam Mazurkiewicz, Malgorzata Slomion, Katarzyna Skorczewska
Summary: The development of 3D printing, a type of additive manufacturing, started in the 1980s. It offers advantages such as low cost, flexibility, and fast production of elements with different shapes. However, it also has disadvantages like lower mechanical properties and resistance to environmental factors. This review aims to compile current research on the effects of different environments on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed thermoplastic products.
Article
Polymer Science
Katarzyna Skorczewska, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Piotr Szewczykowski, Slawomir Wilczewski, Joanna Szulc, Paulina Stopa, Paulina Nowakowska
Summary: This paper explores the characteristics of unplasticized PVC composites modified with biofiller obtained from waste eggshells, showing that the biofiller significantly improves thermal stability, increases the modulus of elasticity and softening point, and is suitable for traditional PVC mixtures' processing.
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Mateusz Barczewski, Olga Mysiukiewicz, Jacek Andrzejewski, Danuta Matykiewicz, Katarzyna Skorczewska, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Michal Jakubowicz, Joanna Anisko, Bartosz Gapinski, Kamila Salasinska, Adam Piasecki, Michal Dutkiewicz
Summary: The assumptions of using bioXpulTM technology for manufacturing PLA composites are presented. The modification concept involves the simultaneous introduction of nucleants and basalt powder to modify PLA, followed by infiltration with basalt or hybrid flax-basalt rovings. The one-step production method results in reduced degradation and high thermomechanical stability of the injection-molded composite parts.
MANUFACTURING LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Magdalena Abramowicz, Magdalena Osial, Weronika Urbanska, Mikolaj Walicki, Slawomir Wilczewski, Agnieszka Pregowska, Katarzyna Skorczewska, Piotr Jenczyk, Magdalena Warczak, Marcin Pisarek, Michael Giersig
Summary: The production and usage of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) result in a significant increase in harmful waste, which raises concerns for environmental protection and metal resource scarcity. This paper proposes a novel application of a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) made from LIBs-based liquid waste containing heavy metal ions. The waste is treated with acid-leaching to obtain cobalt-doped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), effectively purifying the waste from cobalt. The nanoparticles are then used to prepare the MRF, which demonstrates enhanced viscosity in the presence of magnetic fields. This work presents a cost-effective method for utilizing harmful waste from LIBs and provides a sustainable solution for waste management.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Slawomir Wilczewski, Katarzyna Skorczewska, Jolanta Tomaszewska, Magdalena Osial, Agnieszka Dabrowska, Kostiantyn Nikiforow, Piotr Jenczyk, Hubert Grzywacz
Summary: This research focuses on improving the dispersion of graphene in polymer thin-film composites by modifying its surface with curcuminoids. The study found significant improvements in graphene dispersion and enhanced thermal and chemical stability of PVC/graphene nanocomposites with the use of compounds obtained from the extraction of Curcuma longa L. rhizome.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Katarzyna Skorczewska, Joanna Szulc, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Anna Ligocka, Slawomir Wilczewski
Summary: The purpose of this study was to modify plasticised PVC with natural cassia oil (CO) to obtain a material with antimicrobial properties and selected mechanical properties. The modified material showed increased antioxidant activity with the increase in cassia oil content and the duration of action. The largest growth inhibition zones were observed for L. monocytogenes. The modifier had a plasticising effect on PVC, evidenced by the decrease in modulus of elasticity and T-g, and the increase in elongation at break. The developed material may find application in the packaging used to store minimally processed food as an active and/or functional material emitting antimicrobial agents.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Przemyslaw Siekierka, Edwin Makarewicz, Slawomir Wilczewski, Krzysztof Lewandowski, Katarzyna Skorczewska, Jacek Mirowski, Magdalena Osial
Summary: This paper presents the results of a study on the properties of a new composite material made from poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol (PVC) and conifer-derived wood flour. The composite material has the potential for applications in thermal insulation, floor coverings with high resistance to mechanical trauma, and protective coatings. The study determined the optimum content of wood flour in PVC and found that composite films made from PVC plastisol with 20 wt.% of fine wood flour gelled at 150 degrees C exhibited the most favorable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
Proceedings Paper
Automation & Control Systems
Krzysztof Lewandowski, Jakub Tomczak, Jakub Zeifert, Szymon Nowacki, Marcel Krol, Dawid Rudy, Jacek Grzybowski, Pawel Piorkowski, Roman Czyba, Marcin Lemanowicz, Piotr Czekalski
Summary: This paper presents the design and development of a VTOL fixed-wing aircraft for autonomous missions, providing an overview of the current state of VTOL technology and its applications. It focuses on a fixed-wing VTOL aircraft designed by the High Flyers team from the Silesian University of Technology in Poland, discussing the design process, considerations, and real-world scenarios where the UAV could be utilized. The effectiveness and capabilities of the aircraft in solving real-life problems are demonstrated through successful testing in competitions and practical applications.
2023 IEEE/ASME INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED INTELLIGENT MECHATRONICS, AIM
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Magdalena Osial, Slawomir Wilczewski, Joanna Szulc, Hai Dang Nguyen, Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen, Katarzyna Skorczewska, Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip, Kinga Zelechowska-Matysiak, Dorota Nieciecka, Agnieszka Pregowska, Thu Phuong Nguyen, Alicja Tymoszuk, Dariusz Kulus, Michael Giersig
Summary: In this study, nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HAp) were synthesized and loaded with plant extract from Calendula officinalis L. and the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The loaded nanomaterials demonstrated improved stability of colloidal suspension and effective scavenging of DPPH radicals, as well as pronounced cytotoxic effect on ovarian cancer cells. This study suggests the potential application of HAp-loaded calendula extract in nano-biomedicine for drug delivery and targeted cancer treatment.
