4.8 Article

Revealing sodium storage mechanism in lithium titanium phosphate: Combined experimental and theoretical study

Journal

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
Volume 455, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227976

Keywords

Sodium-ion batteries; Lithium titanium phosphate; First-principles calculations; Insertion; Ion exchange

Funding

  1. Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology of Korea [NRF 2015M3D1A1069713, NRF 2017R1E1A2A01079404, NRF 2017M2A2A6A01070834, NRF 2017K1A3A1A30084795]

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We investigate a LiTi2(PO4)(3) -carbon composite (LTP-C) with a sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type structure as a potential electrode material for sodium storage. Operando X-ray diffraction and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses reveal that repetitive electrochemical reduction (discharge) and oxidation (charge) between 1.2 and 3.1 V results in a two-phase redox process associated with the Ti4+/(3+) redox couple. The rearrangement of the alkali sites during discharge/charge is investigated using first-principles calculations and Rietveld refinement. Using first-principles calculations, we verify the possibility of ion exchange from Li+ to Na+ in LiTi2(PO4)(3) in Na cells as well as various theoretical electrochemical properties of LiNa2Ti2(PO4)(3) and Na3Ti2(PO4)(3). Notably, the sodiated LTP-C exhibits a stable cycle life for over 300 cycles at 0.5C and for over 1000 cycles at 5C with capacity retention of 99% and 94%, respectively.

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