Review
Immunology
Susanna Esposito, Elena Mariotti Zani, Lisa Torelli, Sara Scavone, Maddalena Petraroli, Viviana Patianna, Barbara Predieri, Lorenzo Iughetti, Nicola Principi
Summary: Type 1 diabetes is the most common pediatric endocrine disease with an increased infection risk and lower immune response to vaccines; further research is needed to establish the most effective and safe vaccine use in this population.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Thomas Inns, Kate M. Fleming, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, Daniel Hungerford
Summary: A cohort study in the UK found that rotavirus vaccination was not associated with the prevention of coeliac disease (CD) or type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children.
Article
Allergy
Giovanni Santacroce, Marco Vincenzo Lenti, Nicola Aronico, Emanuela Miceli, Elisabetta Lovati, Pietro Carlo Lucotti, Luigi Coppola, Antonella Gentile, Mario Andrea Latorre, Francesco Di Terlizzi, Simone Soriano, Chiara Frigerio, Ivan Pellegrino, Alessandra Pasini, Cristina Ubezio, Jacopo Mambella, Roberta Canta, Alessandra Fusco, Giovanni Rigano, Antonio Di Sabatino
Summary: Conflicting data regarding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with autoimmune disorders are currently available. This study assessed the susceptibility to COVID-19 in drug-naive patients with autoimmune diseases and found that autoimmunity per se does not increase the susceptibility to COVID-19. The study also suggests that COVID-19 is mild in these patients.
PEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Rachel M. Burke, Jacqueline E. Tate, Umesh D. Parashar
Summary: Rotavirus vaccines have been widely introduced in 106 countries globally, demonstrating effectiveness against severe disease and mortality with a favorable benefit-risk profile. Ongoing research aims to understand geographic disparities in vaccine effectiveness to optimize strategies worldwide.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Review
Pediatrics
Xue Zhang, Xiang-fei Xu, Jie Jin
Summary: This study found that there is no association between rotavirus vaccination and the risk of type 1 diabetes or celiac disease in children. The protective effect of rotavirus vaccination on type 1 diabetes may be dependent on the age of vaccination.
FRONTIERS IN PEDIATRICS
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Ekua W. Brenu, Mark Harris, Emma E. Hamilton-Williams
Summary: This systematic review evaluates novel circulating biomarkers associated with future progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). The study found that some circulating biomarkers are dysregulated before T1D diagnosis and may be useful in predicting the risk and rate of progression to T1D. However, further research is needed to validate these biomarkers and assess their predictive accuracy.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Erin Strachan, Xavier Clemente-Casares, Sue Tsai
Summary: Maternal influences on the immune health and development of an infant begin in utero and continue after birth, shaping and educating the child's immune system. Two important provisions from the mother include early microbial colonizers and the transfer of antibodies. These provisions help educate the developing neonatal immune system, connecting with the microbiota and influencing disease development.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Zachary J. J. Morse, Rachel L. L. Simister, Sean A. A. Crowe, Marc S. S. Horwitz, Lisa C. C. Osborne
Summary: Autoimmune disorders are complex diseases whose etiology is unclear. Evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility and environmental factors play a critical role. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), enterovirus infection and disruption of the intestinal microbiota have been independently associated with T1D onset. However, the interaction between viral infection and the intestinal microbiota remains unknown.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Ake Lernmark, Beena Akolkar, William Hagopian, Jeffrey Krischer, Richard McIndoe, Marian Rewers, Jorma Toppari, Kendra Vehik, Anette-G. Ziegler, TEDDY Study Grp
Summary: The etiology of type 1 diabetes involves pancreatic islet beta-cell autoimmune pathogenesis that leads to the clinical onset of the disease. By testing autoantibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, and ZnT8 transporter, children can be monitored from birth until the appearance of the first islet autoantibody. The incidence rate of the first-appearing autoantibody follows two different patterns, and an innate immune reaction may precede the adaptive response.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Nick Giannoukakis
Summary: Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDC) have the potential to prevent the progression of autoimmune-driven dysglycemia into insulin-requiring type 1 diabetes (T1D) and preserve β cells. tDC act via multiple layers of immune regulation to suppress effector lymphocytes targeting β cells. It is now appropriate to conduct phase II clinical trials for T1D using well-characterized tDC.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Nutrition & Dietetics
Hanna Soederstrom, Julia Rehn, Matti Cervin, Cathrine Ahlstermark, Mara Cerqueiro Bybrant, Annelie Carlsson
Summary: Children with both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) have lower compliance to a gluten-free diet compared to children with CD only. Results suggest that intensified dietary support may be necessary for children with both T1D and CD, particularly for older children and those with poor metabolic control.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paul M. H. Tran, Fran Dong, Eileen Kim, Katherine P. Richardson, Lynn K. H. Tran, Kathleen Waugh, Diane Hopkins, Richard D. Cummings, Peng George Wang, Marian J. Rewers, Jin-Xiong She, Sharad Purohit
Summary: This study investigates glycan reactive anti-carbohydrate antibodies (ACA) in a childhood diabetes cohort and finds associations between clusters of ACA and disease progression. Specific anti-carbohydrate antibodies (ACAs) are identified as potential biomarkers for type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis and progression. The study shows that ACAs against different glycans are associated with T1D progression and improve the discrimination of T1D status.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Ranjeny Thomas, Jose M. Carballido, Johnna D. Wesley, Simi T. Ahmed
Summary: Antigen-specific immunotherapy shows promise for treating type 1 diabetes, but faces obstacles in clinical translation. The key to overcoming these challenges lies in collaboration and cooperation among various stakeholders.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Lokesh Sharma, Siddhnath Sudhanshu, Vijayalakshmi Bhatia, Preeti Dabadghao
Summary: The prevalence of celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes in north India is relatively high, with a significant proportion showing symptomatic presentation at diagnosis and a younger age of onset.
PEDIATRIC DIABETES
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Paulina Oboza, Natalia Ogarek, Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, Piotr Kocelak
Summary: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to its development. The incidence of T1D and obesity has been increasing, particularly among young individuals. Research shows that overweight or obesity is prevalent in T1D patients and is associated with various risk factors. The coexistence of T1D and T2D, known as double or hybrid diabetes, increases the risk of complications and reduces life expectancy. This review aims to summarize the relationship between overweight/obesity and T1D.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Javier Diez-Domingo, Xavier Saez-Llorens, Miguel A. Rodriguez-Weber, Cristina Epalza, Archana Chatterjee, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Chien-Yu Lin, Andrea A. Berry, Federico Martinon-Torres, Fernando Baquero-Artigao, Joanne M. Langley, Jose T. Ramos Amador, Joseph B. Domachowske, Li-Min Huang, Nan-Chang Chiu, Susanna Esposito, Philippe Moris, Thi Lien-Anh Nguyen, Vanja Nikic, Wayne Woo, Yingjun Zhou, Ilse Dieussaert, Amanda Leach, Antonio Gonzalez Lopez, Nicolas Vanhoutte
Summary: This study tested a new candidate RSV vaccine in toddlers who had a previous RSV infection. The vaccine was effective in preventing RSV-related illnesses and triggered an antibody response that could neutralize the virus. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or RSV-related hospitalizations were reported during the study.
JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Joanne G. Wildenbeest, Marie-Noelle Biard, Roy Zuurbier, Koos Korsten, Annefleur C. Langedijk, Peter M. van de Ven, Matthew Snape, Simon B. Drysdale, Andrew J. Pollard, Hannah Robinson, Terho Heikkinen, Steve Cunningham, Thomas O'Neill, Bishoy Rizkalla, Ana Dacosta-Urbieta, Federico Martinon-Torres, Marlies A. van Houten, Louis J. Bont
Summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of hospitalisation in infants. The burden of RSV infection in healthy term infants has been determined in a multicentre, prospective, observational study. The study found that RSV-associated acute respiratory infection causes substantial morbidity, leading to hospitalisation of one in every 56 healthy term-born infants in high-income settings. Immunisation of pregnant women or healthy term-born infants during their first winter season could have a major effect on the health-care burden caused by RSV infections. Rating: 9/10
LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Benno Kohlmaier, Manuel Leitner, Nienke N. Hagedoorn, Dorine M. Borensztajn, Ulrich von Both, Enitan D. Carrol, Marieke Emonts, Michiel van der Flier, Ronald de Groot, Jethro Herberg, Michael Levin, Emma Lim, Ian K. Maconochie, Federico Martinon-Torres, Ruud G. Nijman, Marko Pokorn, Irene Rivero-Calle, Chantal D. Tan, Maria Tsolia, Clementien L. Vermont, Joany M. Zachariasse, Dace Zavadska, Henriette A. Moll, Werner Zenz
Summary: This study investigated febrile children with petechial rashes who presented to European emergency departments and found that children with a combination of fever and petechial rash were more likely to have sepsis, meningitis, bacterial infections, and require immediate life-saving interventions and intensive care unit admissions. Therefore, the combination of fever and petechial rash is still an important warning sign for childhood sepsis and meningitis.
Article
Pediatrics
Ruud G. Nijman, Chantal D. Tan, Nienke N. Hagedoorn, Daan Nieboer, Jethro Adam Herberg, Anda Balode, Ulrich von Both, Enitan D. Carrol, Irini Eleftheriou, Marieke Emonts, Michiel van der Flier, Ronald de Groot, Benno Kohlmaier, Emma Lim, Federico Martinon-Torres, Marko Pokorn, Franc Strle, Maria Tsolia, Shunmay Yeung, Joany M. Zachariasse, Dace Zavadska, Werner Zenz, Michael Levin, Clementien L. Vermont, Henriette A. Moll, Ian K. Maconochie
Summary: This study aimed to describe the characteristics and clinical outcomes of children with fever lasting >= 5 days presenting to emergency departments. The study found that children with prolonged fever have a higher risk of serious bacterial infection (SBI). However, warning signs of SBI were observed infrequently, highlighting the need for careful clinical assessment and diagnostic workup.
ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Timo Hess, Carlo Maj, Jan Gehlen, Oleg Borisov, Stephan L. Haas, Ines Gockel, Michael Vieth, Guillaume Piessen, Hakan Alakus, Yogesh Vashist, Carina Pereira, Michael Knapp, Vitalia Schueller, Alexander Quaas, Heike I. Grabsch, Jessica Trautmann, Ewa Malecka-Wojciesko, Anna Mokrowiecka, Jan Speller, Andreas Mayr, Julia Schroeder, Axel M. Hillmer, Dominik Heider, Florian Lordick, Angeles Perez-Aisa, Rafael Campo, Jesus Espinel, Fernando Geijo, Concha Thomson, Luis Bujanda, Federico Sopena, Angel Lanas, Maria Pellise, Claudia Pauligk, Thorsten Oliver Goetze, Carolin Zelck, Julian Reingruber, Emadeldin Hassanin, Peter Elbe, Sandra Alsabeah, Mats Lindblad, Magnus Nilsson, Nicole Kreuser, Rene Thieme, Francesca Tavano, Roberta Pastorino, Dario Arzani, Roberto Persiani, Jin-On Jung, Henrik Nienhueser, Katja Ott, Ralf R. Schumann, Oliver Kumpf, Susen Burock, Volker Arndt, Anna Jakubowska, Malgorzta Lawniczak, Justyna Dabrowska, Olivier Cussenot, Anne Boland-Auge, Delphine Daian, Jean-Francois Deleuze, Erika Salvi, Maris Teder-Laving, Gianluca Tomasello, Margherita Ratti, Chiara Senti, Valli De Re, Agostino Steffan, Arnulf H. Hoelscher, Katharina Messerle, Christiane Josephine Bruns, Armands Sivins, Inga Bogdanova, Jurgita Skieceviciene, Justina Arstikyte, Markus Moehler, Hauke Lang, Peter P. Grimminger, Martin Kruschewski, Nikolaos Vassos, Claus Schildberg, Philipp Lingohr, Karsten Ridwelski, Hans Lippert, Nadine Fricker, Peter Krawitz, Per Hoffmann, Markus M. Noethen, Lothar Veits, Jakob R. Izbicki, Adrianna Mostowska, Federico Martinon-Torres, Daniele Cusi, Rolf Adolfsson, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Aksana Hoeblinger, Ernst Rodermann, Monika Ludwig, Gisela Keller, Andres Metspalu, Hermann Brenner, Joerg Heller, Markus Neef, Michael Schepke, Franz Ludwig Dumoulin, Lutz Hamann, Renato Cannizzaro, Michele Ghidini, Dominik Plassmann, Michael Geppert, Peter Malfertheiner, Olivier Gehlen, Tomasz Skoczylas, Marek Majewski, Jan Lubinski, Orazio Palmieri, Stefania Boccia, Anna Latiano, Nuria Aragones, Thomas Schmidt, Mario Dinis-Ribeiro, Rui Medeiros, Salah-Eddin Al-Batran, Marcis Leja, Juozas Kupcinskas, Maria A. Garcia-Gonzalez, Marino Venerito, Johannes Schumachera
Summary: This study characterized the genetic risk architecture of gastric cancer (GC) and its subtypes, and found that GC is genetically heterogenous. It also revealed the shared genetic aetiology between cardia GC and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) and its precursor lesion Barrett's oesophagus (BO).
Editorial Material
Immunology
Siddhartha Sankar Datta, Federico Martinon-Torres, Nino Berdzuli, Niyazi Cakmak, Michael Edelstein, Simon Cottrell, Mark Muscat
Summary: Universal immunization greatly reduces the incidence and mortality of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, routine immunization coverage varies significantly between countries, populations, and districts, and has even declined in some cases. Insufficient immunization coverage leads to susceptible individuals and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. The European Immunization Agenda 2030 aims to promote equity in immunization and assist stakeholders in addressing local challenges to improve overall health in the WHO European Region.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Harsita Patel, Amalia Sintou, Rasheda A. Chowdhury, Stephen Rothery, Alma Octavia Iacob, Sanjay Prasad, Peter P. Rainer, Federico Martinon-Torres, Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu, Chisato Shimizu, Kirsten Dummer, Adriana H. Tremoulet, Jane C. Burns, Susanne Sattler, Michael Levin
Summary: This study investigated the presence of anticardiac autoantibodies in MIS-C or COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis and found no evidence of antibody binding to cardiac tissue in these conditions. This suggests that the cardiac pathology in MIS-C and vaccine-induced myocarditis is unlikely to be driven by direct anticardiac antibody-mediated mechanisms.
Article
Rheumatology
Samuel Channon-Wells, Ortensia Vito, Andrew J. McArdle, Eleanor G. Seaby, Harsita Patel, Priyen Shah, Ekaterina Pazukhina, Clare Wilson, Claire Broderick, Giselle D'Souza, Ilana Keren, Ruud G. Nijman, Adriana Tremoulet, Daniel Munblit, Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez, Michael J. Carter, Padmanabhan Ramnarayan, Tisham De, Clive Hoggart, Elizabeth Whittaker, Jethro A. Herberg, Myrsini Kaforou, Aubrey J. Cunnington, Oleg Blyuss, Michael Levin
Summary: This study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and found that glucocorticoids or glucocorticoids plus intravenous immunoglobulin were not significantly different from intravenous immunoglobulin alone in terms of clinical efficacy. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids may be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy.
LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Pediatrics
Alexander James Martin, Fabian Johannes Stanislaus van der Velden, Ulrich von Both, Maria N. Tsolia, Werner Zenz, Manfred Sagmeister, Clementien Vermont, Gabriella de Vries, Laura Kolberg, Emma Lim, Marko Pokorn, Dace Zavadska, Federico Martinon-Torres, Irene Rivero-Calle, Nienke N. Hagedoorn, Effua Usuf, Luregn Schlapbach, Taco W. Kuijpers, Andrew J. Pollard, Shunmay Yeung, Colin Fink, Marie Voice, Enitan Carrol, Philipp K. A. Agyeman, Aakash Khanijau, Stephane Paulus, Tisham De, Jethro Adam Herberg, Michael Levin, Michiel van der Flier, Ronald de Groot, Ruud Nijman, Marieke Emonts
Summary: This study externally validated and updated the Feverkids clinical prediction model for differentiating bacterial pneumonia and other SBIs from non-SBI causes of fever in immunocompromised children. The model showed good discrimination for bacterial pneumonia but poorer performance for other SBIs. The rule-out thresholds have the potential to reduce unnecessary investigations and antibiotics in this high-risk group.
ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD
(2023)
Article
Ethics
Fabian J. S. van der Velden, Emma Lim, Lily Gills, Jasmin Broadey, Louise Hayes, Eve Roberts, Jack Courtney, Joanne Ball, Jethro Herberg, Rachel Galassini, Marieke Emonts, DIAMONDS consortium
Summary: This study explores the views and knowledge of children and young people in the UK regarding biobanking and consent. The findings suggest that most children accept prospective and deferred consent, and prefer to reconsent when cognitively mature enough. Additionally, children wanted to be informed about the reuse of their biobanked biospecimens.
BMC MEDICAL ETHICS
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Antonio Salas, Irene Rivero-Calle, Federico Martinon-Torres
Summary: Vaccine hesitancy is considered a top global health threat by the WHO. This study investigates the ability of the AI chatbot ChatGPT to generate opinions on vaccine hesitancy by examining its response to prevalent false information, contraindications, and myths about vaccine safety circulating on the internet. The findings suggest that while ChatGPT's default responses may be incomplete, they are generally satisfactory and have the potential to guide users towards scientifically aligned information, though it cannot replace experts or scientific evidence itself.
HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Esther Willems, Jolein Gloerich, Anouk Suppers, Michiel van der Flier, Lambert P. van den Heuvel, Nicole van de Kar, Ria H. L. A. Philipsen, Maurice van Dael, Myrsini Kaforou, Victoria J. Wright, Jethro A. Herberg, Federico Martinon Torres, Michael Levin, Ronald de Groot, Alain J. van Gool, Dirk J. Lefeber, Hans J. C. T. Wessels, Marien I. de Jonge
Summary: Mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis have mainly focused on differential gene or protein expression, with less emphasis on posttranslational modifications. In this study, a novel glycoproteomics approach was applied to investigate systemic proteome-wide glycosylation in response to infection. Through characterization of site-specific protein glycosylation in plasma samples from controls and patients, a glycopeptide signature was identified that could significantly differentiate between bacterial and viral infections. Additionally, machine learning algorithm-based analysis demonstrated the ability to identify the causative pathogens based on distinct host blood plasma glycopeptide signatures. These findings highlight the potential of glycoproteomics as an innovative approach to enhance the interpretation of relevant biological changes during infection.
Article
Pediatrics
Chantal Tan, Clementien Vermont, Joany Zachariasse, Ulrich von Both, Irini Eleftheriou, Marieke Emonts, Michiel van der Flier, Jethro Herberg, Benno Kohlmaier, Michael Levin, Emma Lim, Ian Maconochie, Federico Martinon-Torres, Ruud Nijman, Marko Pokorn, Irene Rivero-Calle, Maria Tsolia, Werner Zenz, Dace Zavadska, Henriette A. Moll, Enitan Carrol
Summary: This study found that there is a high percentage of discordant emergency medical services (EMS) use in febrile children attending European emergency departments (EDs). Although some of these children had markers of urgency, 29% of them were still transferred by EMS unnecessarily. Future research is needed to investigate non-medical factors influencing discordant EMS use in febrile children across Europe, in order to implement preventive strategies.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS
(2023)
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Alberto Gomez-Carballa, Guillermo Albericio, Julian Montoto-Louzao, Patricia Perez, David Astorgano, Irene Rivero-Calle, Federico Martinon-Torres, Mariano Esteban, Antonio Salas, Juan Garcia-Arriaza
Summary: This study investigates the molecular mechanism of COVID-19 vaccines and their effects on the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The findings suggest that one dose of MVA-S provides partial protection while two doses provide full protection against infection. The study also identifies key genes involved in viral control and immune response.
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH
(2023)
