Application of novel Fe3O4-g-GO-g-RAFT agent nanoabsorbents for D-SPME of biogenic amines in smoked fish

Herein, a dispersive solid phase microextraction (D-SPME) approach based on magnetic nanoabsorbents was developed for the simultaneous extraction of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine in smoked fish. The desired magnetic nanocomposite was prepared with surface modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with graphene oxide via surface reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization. Preparation, size, morphology, surface functional groups and magnetic properties of as-synthesized nanocomposite was characterized. The obtained results showed acceptable r(2) values (>= 0.9949) for all analyte as well as good recovery (> 98.36), repeatability (RSD% < 3.57), and reproducibility (RSD% < 5.16) of the developed method. The developed method was successfully employed to estimate four biogenic amines in 40 samples from different species of smoked fishes available in northern Iran. Thirty-six out of 40 samples exceeded an acceptable level of histamine (50 mg Kg(-1)). Cadaverine and putrescine were founded at a higher level, while tyramine was detected at the lowest level in comparison with other BAs (< 11 %).