Iron cycling in Arctic methane seeps

Anoxic marine sediments contribute a significant amount of dissolved iron (Fe2+) to the ocean which is crucial for the global carbon cycle. Here, we investigate iron cycling in four Arctic cold seeps where sediments are anoxic and sulfidic due to the high rates of methane-fueled sulfate reduction. We estimated Fe2+ diffusive fluxes towards the oxic sediment layer to be in the range of 0.8 to 138.7 mu mole/m(2)/day and Fe2+ fluxes across the sediment-water interface to be in the range of 0.3 to 102.2 mu mole/m(2)/day. Such variable fluxes cannot be explained by Fe2+ production from organic matter-coupled dissimilatory reduction alone. We propose that the reduction of dissolved and complexed Fe3+ as well as the rapid formation of iron sulfide minerals are the most important reactions regulating the fluxes of Fe2+ in these cold seeps. By comparing seafloor visual observations with subsurface pore fluid composition, we demonstrate how the joint cycling of iron and sulfur determines the distribution of chemosynthesis-based biota.