Article
Cell Biology
Serena Cabaro, Maddalena Conte, Donato Moschetta, Laura Petraglia, Vincenza Valerio, Serena Romano, Michele Francesco Di Tolla, Pasquale Campana, Giuseppe Comentale, Emanuele Pilato, Vittoria D'Esposito, Annabella Di Mauro, Monica Cantile, Paolo Poggio, Valentina Parisi, Dario Leosco, Pietro Formisano
Summary: The study explored the link between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT)-secreted interleukin (IL)-1 beta, atrial remodeling, and post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Results showed that EAT-mediated IL-1 beta secretion was significantly higher in patients with POAF compared to those without POAF, suggesting a potential role of EAT in both POAF occurrence and atrial fibrotic remodeling.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Monika Gawalko, Arnela Saljic, Na Li, Issam Abu-Taha, Thomas Jespersen, Dominik Linz, Stanley Nattel, Jordi Heijman, Anke Fender, Dobromir Dobrev
Summary: Obesity is a significant contributing factor to atrial fibrillation (AF) by causing systemic changes and affecting different adipose tissue depots. Adipose tissue secretes various mediators that promote AF and cardiac remodeling. This review discusses the role of obesity-related factors, specific adipose tissue depots, and molecular mechanisms in AF, highlighting gaps in current knowledge and implications for clinical management.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2023)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Stephane N. Hatem
Summary: This editorial discusses the molecular features of atrial fibrillation progression in sheep atria, with a focus on transcriptome and proteome mapping. The authors' research provides strong evidence for the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Maddalena Conte, Laura Petraglia, Serena Cabaro, Vincenza Valerio, Paolo Poggio, Emanuele Pilato, Emilio Attena, Vincenzo Russo, Adele Ferro, Pietro Formisano, Dario Leosco, Valentina Parisi
Summary: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia associated with age and increased risk of stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality. Recent evidence suggests that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), the visceral fat depot of the heart, plays a significant role in AF development through various mechanisms such as inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and fat infiltration. EAT is a local source of inflammatory mediators that contribute to atrial collagen deposition and fibrosis, as well as alter atrial electrophysiological properties. Imaging methods can be used to measure EAT and predict the presence, severity, and recurrence of AF. Additionally, EAT is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for AF.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Bi-Xi Chen, Boqia Xie, Yang Zhou, Liang Shi, Yanjiang Wang, Lijun Zeng, Xingpeng Liu, Min-Fu Yang
Summary: This study found that in patients with atrial fibrillation, Gal-3 correlates with local cardiac inflammation, and Hsp60 is associated with alleviation of cardiac inflammation post-RFCA. Seventeen patients experienced AF recurrence, but none of the selected biomarkers were predictive of post-RFCA recurrence.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Jikai Zhao, Yuji Zhang, Zongtao Yin, Yan Zhu, Fangran Xin, Huidan Zhang, Sunny S. Po, Huishan Wang
Summary: This study investigates the interactions among autonomic remodeling, epicardial adipose tissue, inflammation, and atrial fibrillation. The results show that there is a significantly increased presence of neural elements in the myocardium and adjacent epicardial adipose tissue of atrial fibrillation patients. Additionally, the expression levels of genes and proteins related to signaling pathways were higher in patients with a higher neural element ratio.
JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yameng Shao, Lei Chen, Wensu Chen, Chuanyi Sang, Changjiang Xu, Chaoqun Zhang
Summary: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is related to the presence of left atrial low voltage zones (LVZ) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). EAT volume and attenuation values can independently predict the presence of LVZ.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Feham Peer-Zada, Dima Hamze, Julio Garcia
Summary: The study found that overweight and obese patients have an increase in cardiac fat, especially in epicardial and pericardial adipose tissue, and are more likely to experience decreased cardiac function. Although BMI does not significantly affect AF recurrence, overweight patients have slightly higher recurrence rates compared to obese patients.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jung-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Song, Hyo-Sup Shim, Sak Lee, Young-Nam Youn, Hyun-Chel Joo, Kyung-Jong Yoo, Seung-Hyun Lee
Summary: Cardiac adipose tissue is associated with the recurrence of atrial fibrillation, but its correlation with maze surgery is unclear. This study found a positive correlation between the adipose component of the left atrium and AF recurrence in patients who underwent a modified Cox maze III procedure. Therefore, it may be necessary to use statins in a randomized study to reduce perioperative adipose tissue.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Marinela Couselo-Seijas, Moises Rodriguez-Manero, Jose R. Gonzalez-Juanatey, Sonia Eiras
Summary: This study highlights the important role of epicardial fat in the occurrence and maintenance of atrial fibrillation, emphasizing the pathophysiological mechanisms involved and preventive therapeutic strategies. The increase in volume and activity of epicardial fat may alter cardiac autonomic activity, making reducing adiposity and weight crucial for preventing atrial fibrillation.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yaacoub Chahine, Bahareh Askari-Atapour, Kirsten T. Kwan, Carter A. Anderson, Fima Macheret, Tanzina Afroze, Savannah F. Bifulco, Matthew D. Cham, Karen Ordovas, Patrick M. Boyle, Nazem Akoum
Summary: This study found an association between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and obesity, as well as left atrial (LA) volume and fibrosis. However, there was no clear spatial overlap between EAT and fibrotic areas, suggesting a systemic or paracrine mechanism.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Alexander R. van Rosendael, Jeff M. Smit, Mohammed El'Mahdiui, Philippe J. van Rosendael, Melissa Leung, Victoria Delgado, Jeroen J. Bax
Summary: This study evaluated the association between left atrial epicardial fat and left atrial volume in patients with different types of atrial fibrillation (AF). The results showed that left atrial epicardial fat was larger in patients with paroxysmal AF, while larger left atrial volumes were associated with persistent/permanent AF.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Chang Cui, Huiyuan Qin, Xiyu Zhu, Xiaohu Lu, Bing Wang, Xingyao Wang, Junxia Wang, Jincheng Jiao, Ming Chu, Cheng Wang, Mingfang Li, Xiaowei Wang, Dongjin Wang, Minglong Chen
Summary: Machine learning-based cluster analysis can identify subtypes of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF) characterized by distinct atrial fibrosis profiles. Additionally, whitening of epicardial adipose tissue may be involved in the progression of atrial fibrosis.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Andrea Lorenzo Poggi, Benedicte Gaborit, Thomas Hellmut Schindler, Luca Liberale, Fabrizio Montecucco, Federico Carbone
Summary: Obesity is a heterogeneous condition that may have a closer link with cardiovascular disease burden and atrial fibrillation. Dysfunction of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) due to ectopic fat deposition is associated with atrial remodelling and may play a significant role in the development and recurrence of atrial fibrillation. This study provides an updated understanding of the relationship between dysfunctional EAT, LA remodelling, and atrial fibrillation onset and recurrence.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Laura Petraglia, Maddalena Conte, Giuseppe Comentale, Serena Cabaro, Pasquale Campana, Carmela Russo, Ilaria Amaranto, Dario Bruzzese, Pietro Formisano, Emanuele Pilato, Nicola Ferrara, Dario Leosco, Valentina Parisi
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the association between inflammatory mediators produced by EAT and the occurrence of POAF. The results showed that higher levels of IL-6 and MCP-1 in EAT were significantly associated with POAF, and statin therapy may play a role in preventing POAF. These findings suggest a potential targeted use of these drugs in the perioperative period.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Corentin Chaumont, Nadine Suffee, Estelle Gandjbakhch, Elise Balse, Frederic Anselme, Stephane N. Hatem
Summary: Recent developments in imaging, mapping, and ablation techniques have revealed the crucial role of the epicardial region in the occurrence of ventricular and atrial arrhythmias. This region is associated with common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, including alterations in repolarization gradient and fibro-fatty infiltration. The activation of epicardial progenitor cells and immune-inflammatory processes also contribute to the formation of arrhythmogenic substrate.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Marie Coutelier, Maxime Jacoupy, Alexandre Janer, Flore Renaud, Nicolas Auger, Ganapathi-Varma Saripella, Francois Ancien, Fabrizio Pucci, Marianne Rooman, Dimitri Gilis, Roxanne Lariviere, Nicolas Sgarioto, Remi Valter, Lena Guillot-Noel, Isabelle Le Ber, Sabrina Sayah, Perrine Charles, Astrid Nuemann, Martje G. Pauly, Christoph Helmchen, Natalie Deininger, Tobias B. Haack, Bernard Brais, Alexis Brice, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Khalid H. El Hachimi, Eric A. Shoubridge, Alexandra Durr, Giovanni Stevanin
Summary: With exome sequencing and linkage analysis, we identified an association between NPTX1 gene and autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias. Two missense variants in NPTX1 were found to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and destabilize neuronal pentraxin 1 polymers.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Nadine Suffee, Elodie Baptista, Jerome Piquereau, Maharajah Ponnaiah, Nicolas Doisne, Farid Ichou, Marie Lhomme, Camille Pichard, Vincent Galand, Nathalie Mougenot, Gilles Dilanian, Laurence Lucats, Elise Balse, Mathias Mericskay, Wilfried Le Goff, Stephane N. Hatem
Summary: Prolonged high-fat diet in mice leads to vulnerability to atrial fibrillation by altering energy metabolism, causing fat accumulation, and inducing electrical remodeling of atrial myocardium. Obese mice showed a adipogenic and inflammatory phenotype in the atrial myocardium, with increased use of long-chain lipids as energy substrate and enhanced K-ATP current in isolated atrial myocytes.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Genetics & Heredity
Preeti Madhav Kute, Omar Soukarieh, Hakon Tjeldnes, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Eivind Valen
Summary: Advancements in genomics and molecular biology have revealed the presence of numerous small open reading frames (sORFs) in various types of transcripts, many of which have been found to have physiological functions and are associated with human diseases. These sORFs represent a potential source of therapeutic targets. Unlike protein-coding genes, the function of an sORF is not solely determined by the encoded peptide, but also by the act of translating the sORF itself. Experimental methods such as ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry have been commonly used to identify and characterize sORFs, but determining their function remains challenging.
FRONTIERS IN GENETICS
(2022)
Article
Hematology
Maria Eugenia de la Morena-Barrio, Pierre Suchon, Eva Marie Jacobsen, Nina Iversen, Antonia Minano, Belen de la Morena-Barrio, Carlos Bravo-Perez, Jose Padilla, Rosa Cifuentes, Susana Asenjo, Jean Francois Deleuze, David Alexandre Tregouet, Maria Luisa Lozano, Vicente Vicente, Per Morten Sandset, Pierre Emmanuel Morange, Javier Corral
Summary: This study identified two new variants in the SERPINC1 gene, which may cause antithrombin deficiency but cannot be detected by routine methods. These variants affect the glycosylation and function of antithrombin, leading to increased thrombin generation. The study suggests that antithrombin deficiency is underestimated and highlights the need for new diagnostic tests.
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
David Stacey, Lingyan Chen, Paulina J. Stanczyk, Joanna M. M. Howson, Amy M. Mason, Stephen Burgess, Stephen MacDonald, Jonathan Langdown, Harriett McKinney, Kate Downes, Neda Farahi, James E. Peters, Saonli Basu, James S. Pankow, Weihong Tang, Nathan Pankratz, Maria Sabater-Lleal, Paul S. de Vries, Nicholas L. Smith, Abbas Dehghan, Abbas Dehghan, Adam S. Heath, Alanna C. Morrison, Alex P. Reiner, Andrew Johnson, Anne Richmond, Annette Peters, Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg, Barbara McKnight, Bruce M. Psaty, Caroline Hayward, Cavin Ward-Caviness, Christopher O'Donnell, Daniel Chasman, David P. Strachan, David A. Tregouet, Dennis Mook-Kanamori, Dipender Gill, Florian Thibord, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Frank W. G. Leebeek, Frits R. Rosendaal, Gail Davies, Georg Homuth, Gerard Temprano, Harry Campbell, Herman A. Taylor, Jan Bressler, Jennifer E. Huffman, Jerome I. Rotter, Jie Yao, James F. Wilson, Joshua C. Bis, Julie M. Hahn, Karl C. Desch, Kerri L. Wiggins, Laura M. Raffield, Lawrence F. Bielak, Lisa R. Yanek, Marcus E. Kleber, Martina Mueller, Maryam Kavousi, Massimo Mangino, Matthew P. Conomos, Melissa Liu, Michael R. Brown, Min-A Jhun, Ming-Huei Chen, Moniek P. M. de Maat, Patricia A. Peyser, Paul Elliot, Peng Wei, Philipp S. Wild, Pierre E. Morange, Pim van der Harst, Qiong Yang, Ngoc-Quynh Le, Riccardo Marioni, Ruifang Li, Scott M. Damrauer, Simon R. Cox, Stella Trompet, Stephan B. Felix, Uwe Volker, Wolfgang Koenig, J. Wouter Jukema, Xiuqing Guo, Amy D. Gelinas, Daniel J. Schneider, Nebojsa Janjic, Nilesh J. Samani, Shu Ye, Charlotte Summers, Edwin R. Chilvers, John Danesh, Dirk S. Paul
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Omar Soukarieh, Caroline Meguerditchian, Carole Proust, Dylan Aissi, Melanie Eyries, Aurelie Goyenvalle, David-Alexandre Tregouet
Summary: HTS technologies are transforming research and molecular diagnostics by exploring millions of nucleotide sequences, focusing on identifying genetic variations contributing to rare and common human diseases. The study highlights the importance of 5'UTR variants altering upORFs and their association with rare cardiovascular disorders.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Milad Nazarzadeh, Zeinab Bidel, Hamid Mohseni, Dexter Canoy, Ana-Catarina Pinho-Gomes, Abdelaali Hassaine, Abbas Dehghan, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Nicholas L. Smith, Kazem Rahimi
Summary: This study found that lower systolic blood pressure was associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Two Mendelian randomization analyses further confirmed this association. It is important to cautiously control blood pressure reduction to avoid potential harm in individuals with a predisposition for VTE.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Laura Rolland, Alenca Harrington, Adele Faucherre, Jourdano Mancilla Abaroa, Girisaran Gangatharan, Laurent Gamba, Dany Severac, Marine Pratlong, Thomas Moore-Morris, Chris Jopling
Summary: Understanding how certain animals regenerate their hearts provides insights into potential regeneration in humans. Cardiac regeneration is influenced by interstitial cells, which were studied through RNA sequencing in zebrafish hearts. Using various techniques, the role of specific cell types in regeneration was investigated, revealing important processes within interstitial cell populations. This research increases understanding of how cardiac regeneration could be induced in humans.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Nihar Masurkar, Marion Bouvet, Damien Logeart, Charlene Jouve, Fatou Drame, Olivier Claude, Maguelonne Roux, Clement Delacroix, Damien Bergerot, Jean-Jacques Mercadier, Marc Sirol, Barnabas Gellen, Marine Livrozet, Antoine Fayol, Estelle Robidel, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Giovanna Marazzi, David Sassoon, Mariana Valente, Jean-Sebastien Hulot
Summary: After myocardial infarction, the secretion of GDF3 by cardiac stromal cells promotes fibroblast proliferation, leading to adverse fibrotic remodeling.
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Aniket Mishra, Rainer Malik, Tsuyoshi Hachiya, Tuuli Jurgenson, Shinichi Namba, Daniel C. Posner, Frederick K. Kamanu, Masaru Koido, Quentin Le Grand, Mingyang Shi, Yunye He, Marios K. Georgakis, Ilana Caro, Kristi Krebs, Yi-Ching Liaw, Felix C. Vaura, Kuang Lin, Bendik Slagsvold Winsvold, Vinodh Srinivasasainagendra, Livia Parodi, Hee-Joon Bae, Ganesh Chauhan, Michael R. Chong, Liisa Tomppo, Rufus Akinyemi, Gennady V. Roshchupkin, Naomi Habib, Yon Ho Jee, Jesper Qvist Thomassen, Vida Abedi, Jara Carcel-Marquez, Marianne Nygaard, Hampton L. Leonard, Chaojie Yang, Ekaterina Yonova-Doing, Maria J. Knol, Adam J. Lewis, Renae L. Judy, Tetsuro Ago, Philippe Amouyel, Nicole D. Armstrong, Mark K. Bakker, Traci M. Bartz, David A. Bennett, Joshua C. Bis, Constance Bordes, Sigrid Borte, Anael Cain, Paul M. Ridker, Kelly Cho, Zhengming Chen, Carlos Cruchaga, John W. Cole, Phil L. de Jager, Rafael de Cid, Matthias Endres, Leslie E. Ferreira, Mirjam I. Geerlings, Natalie C. Gasca, Vilmundur Gudnason, Jun Hata, Jing He, Alicia K. Heath, Yuk-Lam Ho, Aki S. Havulinna, Jemma C. Hopewell, I. Hyacinth Hyacinth, Michael Inouye, Mina A. Jacob, Christina E. Jeon, Christina Jern, Masahiro Kamouchi, Keith L. Keene, Takanari Kitazono, Steven J. Kittner, Takahiro Konuma, Amit Kumar, Paul Lacaze, Lenore J. Launer, Keon-Joo Lee, Kaido Lepik, Jiang Li, Liming Li, Ani Manichaikul, Hugh S. Markus, Nicholas A. Marston, Thomas Meitinger, Braxton D. Mitchell, Felipe A. Montellano, Takayuki Morisaki, Thomas H. Mosley, Mike A. Nalls, Borge G. Nordestgaard, Martin J. O'Donnell, Yukinori Okada, N. Charlotte Onland-Moret, Bruce Ovbiagele, Annette Peters, Bruce M. Psaty, Stephen S. Rich, Jonathan Rosand, Marc S. Sabatine, Ralph L. Sacco, Danish Saleheen, Else Charlotte Sandset, Veikko Salomaa, Muralidharan Sargurupremraj, Makoto Sasaki, Claudia L. Satizabal, Carsten O. Schmidt, Atsushi Shimizu, Nicholas L. Smith, Kelly L. Sloane, Yoichi Sutoh, Yan V. Sun, Kozo Tanno, Steffen Tiedt, Turgut Tatlisumak, Nuria P. Torres-Aguila, Hemant K. Tiwari, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Stella Trompet, Anil Man Tuladhar, Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen, Marion van Vugt, Riina Vibo, Shefali S. Verma, Kerri L. Wiggins, Patrik Wennberg, Daniel Woo, Peter W. F. Wilson, Huichun Xu, Qiong Yang, Kyungheon Yoon, Iona Y. Millwood, Christian Gieger, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Hans J. Grabe, J. Wouter Jukema, Ina L. Rissanen, Daniel Strbian, Young Jin Kim, Pei-Hsin Chen, Ernst Mayerhofer, Joanna M. M. Howson, Marguerite R. Irvin, Hieab Adams, Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, Kaare Christensen, Mohammad A. Ikram, Tatjana Rundek, Bradford B. Worrall, G. Mark Lathrop, Moeen Riaz, Eleanor M. Simonsick, Janika Korv, Paulo H. C. Franca, Ramin Zand, Kameshwar Prasad, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Frank-Erik de Leeuw, Thomas Liman, Karl Georg Haeusler, Ynte M. Ruigrok, Peter Ulrich Heuschmann, W. T. Longstreth, Keum Ji Jung, Lisa Bastarache, Guillaume Pare, Scott M. Damrauer, Daniel I. Chasman, Jerome I. Rotter, Christopher D. Anderson, John-Anker Zwart, Teemu J. Niiranen, Myriam Fornage, Yung-Po Liaw, Sudha Seshadri, Israel Fernandez-Cadenas, Robin G. Walters, Christian T. Ruff, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Jennifer E. Huffman, Lili Milani, Yoichiro Kamatani, Martin Dichgans, Stephanie Debette
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Sven Danckwardt, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Elisabetta Castoldi
Summary: The haemostatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular integrity and is involved in inflammation and immunity. Disruptions in haemostasis are common in diseases such as sepsis, cardiovascular disorders, and COVID-19. Posttranscriptional mechanisms regulate the biogenesis of haemostatic components and can be hijacked in disease processes. This review highlights the importance of posttranscriptional mechanisms in haemostatic control and their potential therapeutic implications for treating global medical threats.
CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Nicoline Uglebjerg, Fariba Ahmadizar, Dina M. Aly, Marisa Canadas-Garre, Claire Hill, Annemieke Naber, Asmundur Oddsson, Sunny S. Singh, Laura Smyth, David-Alexandre Tregouet, Layal Chaker, Mohsen Ghanbari, Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir, Emma Ahlqvist, Samy Hadjadj, Mandy Van Hoek, Maryam Kavousi, Amy Jayne McKnight, Eric J. Sijbrands, Kari Stefansson, Matias Simons, Peter Rossing, Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
Summary: This study aims to explore the association between four missense variants in the CUBN gene and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and investigate their effects on kidney-related traits. The results show significant positive associations between these variants and eGFR in individuals without diabetes.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Thomas Moore-Morris, Sylvia M. Evans
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Lara Feulner, Patrick Piet van Vliet, Michel Puceat, Gregor Andelfinger
Summary: This review summarizes what is currently known about the structure, development, and relationship of the endocardium with other cardiac cell types, as well as the different lineages that endocardial cells derive from and contribute to. Understanding the cellular and molecular processes of the endocardium is crucial for the future development of disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE
(2022)