A poor substitute for the real thing: captive-reared monarch butterflies are weaker, paler and have less elongated wings than wild migrants

Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies

(2019) Ayşe Tenger-Trolander et al.   PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Migration distance as a selective episode for wing morphology in a migratory insect

(2017) D. T. Tyler Flockhart et al.   Movement Ecology

Trends Observed in Fall Migrant Monarch Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) East of the Appalachian Mountains at an Inland Stopover in Southern Pennsylvania over an Eighteen Year Period

(2015) Gayle Steffy   ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Intra-population variation in the natal origins and wing morphology of overwintering western monarch butterfliesDanaus plexippus

(2015) Louie H. Yang et al.   ECOGRAPHY

Forewing pigmentation predicts migration distance in wild-caught migratory monarch butterflies

(2013) Daniel Hanley et al.   BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY

The Redder the Better: Wing Color Predicts Flight Performance in Monarch Butterflies

(2012) Andrew K. Davis et al.   PLoS One

POPULATIONS OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES WITH DIFFERENT MIGRATORY BEHAVIORS SHOW DIVERGENCE IN WING MORPHOLOGY

(2010) Sonia Altizer et al.   EVOLUTION