Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
P. B. Kuzma, A. M. N. Ferguson, J. Penarrubia
Summary: Studying the peripheral regions of globular clusters is challenging, but a probabilistic approach has successfully revealed tidal extensions in the direction of NGC 5139, providing new targets for future spectroscopic studies.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Basudeb Dasgupta, Ranjan Laha, Anupam Ray
Summary: The discovery of unusual masses of black holes by gravitational wave experiments raises fundamental questions about their origin. A proposed new channel for the production of low mass black holes involves the catastrophic accretion of nonannihilating dark matter by stellar objects. Testing methods are suggested, focusing on the redshift dependence of the merger rate as a probe of the transmuted origin of low mass black holes.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jeremy J. Webb, Jason A. S. Hunt, Jo Bovy
Summary: We applied the made-to-measure method to modelling dynamical systems in globular clusters. By adjusting the masses of particles in a model cluster, the method can reproduce select properties of an observed cluster. We found that the method can reproduce a cluster's 3D density profile easily, but minor discrepancies may occur in the outer regions when fitting against the cluster's projected surface density or kinematic properties.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Zhen Wan, Anthony D. Arnold, William H. Oliver, Geraint F. Lewis, Holger Baumgardt, Mark Gieles, Vincent Henault-Brunet, Thomas de Boer, Eduardo Balbinot, Gary Da Costa, Dougal Mackey, Denis Erkal, Annette Ferguson, Pete Kuzma, Elena Pancino, Jorge Penarrubia, Nicoletta Sanna, Antonio Sollima, Roeland P. van der Marel, Laura L. Watkins
Summary: In this study, the outskirts of four globular clusters - 1261, NGC 4590, NGC 1904, and NGC 1851 - were surveyed using spectroscopic measurements from 2dF/AAOmega and FLAMES instruments. Chemo-dynamical information for individual stars were extracted to estimate the velocity dispersion profile and rotation of each cluster. The results show that NGC 1851 and NGC 1261 exhibit internal rotation, and the dispersion profiles of NGC 1261, NGC 1851, and NGC 1904 do not follow the predictions of limepy/spes models, while NGC 4590's results align with the predictions.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Khyati Malhan, Monica Valluri, Katherine Freese
Summary: The steepness of dark matter central density profiles in low-mass galaxy haloes is a powerful probe of dark matter nature. By studying present-day properties of accreted globular cluster streams, it is possible to infer the central dark matter density profile and mass of their parent satellites. The results suggest a preference for cored subhaloes in the Milky Way, which may have implications for particle physics models beyond Cold Dark Matter.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
P. B. Kuzma, A. M. N. Ferguson, A. L. Varri, M. J. Irwin, E. J. Bernard, E. Tolstoy, J. Penarrubia, D. B. Zucker
Summary: In this paper, the authors conducted a spectroscopic study of the tidal tails of Palomar 5 cluster, focusing on the leading tail. By combining their measurements with photometric data and astrometry, they identified 16 stars belonging to the Pal 5 stream and characterized the 3D kinematics of the system. They also provided a catalogue for future modeling work.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Xi Meng, Oleg Y. Gnedin
Summary: We investigated the evolution of tidal fields experienced by massive star clusters in Milky Way-sized galaxies using cosmological simulations. We found that the tidal force on clusters is strongest in the first few hundred million years after formation, after which it plateaus at a lower value. The fraction of time spent by clusters in high tidal strength regions decreases with age. In situ and ex situ clusters experience similar tidal fields at early ages, but in situ clusters generally experience stronger tidal fields at older ages due to their lower orbits. This difference in tidal fields affects the survival of clusters, with ex situ clusters typically having a higher bound fraction than in situ clusters.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Kenji Bekki
Summary: We discuss a scenario for the formation of globular clusters (GC), in which the gas ejected by the first generation (1G) of stars and intermediate-mass close binaries (IMCBs) gives rise to the formation of the second generation (2G) of stars. We find that the mass fraction of 2G stars can be high, not strongly dependent on the fraction of binary stars, and the differences in elemental abundances between 1G and 2G stars can be significant. The formation history of 2G stars shows at least two peaks, and the observed correlation between the mass fraction of 2G stars and the initial mass of the GC can be explained by the stellar initial mass function.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Enrico Vesperini, Jongsuk Hong, Mirek Giersz, Arkadiusz Hypki
Summary: This study utilized Monte Carlo simulations to investigate fundamental aspects of the dynamical evolution of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters, including the evolution of 2G star fractions, the link between different dynamical processes, the spatial mixing dynamics of 1G and 2G stars, the implications of initial spatial distribution differences, and the variation of energy equipartition in different evolutionary phases of clusters.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
E. Lacchin, F. Calura, E. Vesperini, A. Mastrobuono-Battisti
Summary: This study investigates the effects of rotation on the formation of second-generation stars in globular clusters using 3D hydrodynamic simulations. The results reveal the complex link between rotation and the formation and properties of the second-generation stars in globular clusters.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Chia-Hsuan Cheng, Ing-Guey Jiang
Summary: To study the dynamical properties of globular clusters, researchers analyzed the surface brightness and kinematic data using limepy models. They determined the concentration, truncation, and anisotropy of 18 globular clusters, as well as other parameters such as cluster mass and distance. While limepy models provided a good fit for most clusters, NGC 5139 and NGC 6388 may require more advanced models considering intermediate-mass black holes. However, the model with some degree of anisotropy fit well with the data of NGC 7078. Moreover, the study revealed a strong concentration-truncation anticorrelation and a truncation-semimajor-axis correlation, indicating the dynamical evolution of globular clusters.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
W. Cerny, J. D. Simon, T. S. Li, A. Drlica-Wagner, A. B. Pace, C. E. Martinez-Vazquez, A. H. Riley, B. Mutlu-Pakdil, S. Mau, P. S. Ferguson, D. Erkal, R. R. Munoz, C. R. Bom, J. L. Carlin, D. Carollo, Y. Choi, A. P. Ji, V. Manwadkar, D. Martinez-Delgado, A. E. Miller, N. E. D. Noel, J. D. Sakowska, D. J. Sand, G. S. Stringfellow, E. J. Tollerud, A. K. Vivas, J. A. Carballo-Bello, D. Hernandez-Lang, D. J. James, D. L. Nidever, J. L. Nilo Castellon, K. A. G. Olsen, A. Zenteno
Summary: We report the discovery of Pegasus IV, an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy found in archival data. By analyzing the spectra of member stars and measuring the velocity dispersion, we confirmed that Pegasus IV is a dark-matter-dominated dwarf galaxy. We also identified potential variable stars within the galaxy, suggesting its dynamic nature.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Vaclav Pavlik, Enrico Vesperini
Summary: The study reveals that the rate of evolution towards energy equipartition in star cluster models depends on the initial degree of radial velocity anisotropy, with more radially anisotropic systems evolving more rapidly. Additionally, the outermost regions of initially isotropic systems evolve towards a state of "Inverted" energy equipartition, where high-mass stars have a larger velocity dispersion than low-mass stars.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Alexander R. Livernois, Enrico Vesperini, Anna Lisa Varri, Jongsuk Hong, Maria Tiongco
Summary: This study investigates the long-term dynamical evolution of the internal kinematics of multimass rotating star clusters. N-body simulations are performed to study the rotational velocity, energy equipartition, and anisotropy in the velocity distribution. The results show a dependence of rotational velocity on stellar mass, with more massive stars having a faster rotation. Energy equipartition is influenced by the rotational velocity, and the anisotropy in the velocity distribution is stronger for massive stars. Both mass segregation and energy equipartition exhibit spatial anisotropy.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yohai Meiron, Jeremy J. Webb, Jongsuk Hong, Peter Berczik, Rainer Spurzem, Raymond G. Carlberg
Summary: Massive globular clusters experience star loss due to internal and external processes, with N-body simulations identifying two escape populations, kicks and sweeps, and their impact on cluster survival time. Different N-body codes provide consistent results but numerical artifacts may arise based on integration scheme parameters.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
V Kovtyukh, B. Lemasle, G. Bono, I. A. Usenko, R. da Silva, A. Kniazev, E. K. Grebel, I. L. Andronov, L. Shakun, L. Chinarova
Summary: In this study, azimuthal variations of oxygen abundance in the Milky Way were investigated using detailed chemical compositions of 105 Classical Cepheids. The results show noticeable azimuthal asymmetries in [O/H] abundance, supporting similar findings in nearby spiral galaxies and recent 2D chemo-dynamical models.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Rogelio Orozco-Duarte, Aida Wofford, Alba Vidal-Garcia, Gustavo Bruzual, Stephane Charlot, Mark R. Krumholz, Stephen Hannon, Janice Lee, Timothy Wofford, Michele Fumagalli, Daniel Dale, Matteo Messa, Eva K. Grebel, Linda Smith, Kathryn Grasha, David Cook
Summary: The study presents a synthetic library of star clusters, comparing them with deterministic models and observational data. It shows that the synthetic photometry and ionized gas are important factors influencing the characteristics of clusters, while the age of the clusters also affects their luminosity and properties.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. C. Parisi, L. Gramajo, D. Geisler, B. Dias, J. J. Claria, G. Da Costa, E. K. Grebel
Summary: The aim of this study is to analyze the chemical evolution of the Small Magellanic Cloud by adding 12 additional clusters and accurately determining their metallicities. The results reveal a large dispersion of cluster metallicities in the inner region of the cloud and a lower probability of bimodality in the metallicity distribution. Different regions of the cloud show different metallicity gradients and age-metallicity relations.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
S. Randich, G. Gilmore, L. Magrini, G. G. Sacco, R. J. Jackson, R. D. Jeffries, C. C. Worley, A. Hourihane, A. Gonneau, C. Viscasillas Vazquez, E. Franciosini, J. R. Lewis, E. J. Alfaro, C. Allende Prieto, T. Bensby, R. Blomme, A. Bragaglia, E. Flaccomio, P. Francois, M. J. Irwin, S. E. Koposov, A. J. Korn, A. C. Lanzafame, E. Pancino, A. Recio-Blanco, R. Smiljanic, S. Van Eck, T. Zwitter, M. Asplund, P. Bonifacio, S. Feltzing, J. Binney, J. Drew, A. M. N. Ferguson, G. Micela, I Negueruela, T. Prusti, H-W Rix, A. Vallenari, A. Bayo, M. Bergemann, K. Biazzo, G. Carraro, A. R. Casey, F. Damiani, A. Frasca, U. Heiter, V Hill, P. Jofre, P. de Laverny, K. Lind, G. Marconi, C. Martayan, T. Masseron, L. Monaco, L. Morbidelli, L. Prisinzano, L. Sbordone, S. G. Sousa, S. Zaggia, V Adibekyan, R. Bonito, E. Caffau, S. Daflon, D. K. Feuillet, M. Gebran, J. Gonzalez Hernandez, G. Guiglion, A. Herrero, A. Lobel, J. Maiz Apellaniz, D. Montes, T. Morel, C. Soubiran, L. Spina, H. M. Tabernero, G. Traven, M. Valentini, M. Van der Swaelmen, S. Villanova, N. J. Wright, U. Abbas, V. Aguirre Borsen-Koch, J. Alves, L. Balaguer-Nunez, P. S. Barklem, D. Barrado, S. R. Berlanas, A. S. Binks, A. Bressan, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, L. Casagrande, L. Casamiquela, R. S. Collins, V D'Orazi, M. L. L. Dantas, V. P. Debattista, E. Delgado-Mena, P. Di Marcantonio, A. Drazdauskas, N. W. Evans, B. Famaey, M. Franchini, Y. Fremat, E. D. Friel, X. Fu, D. Geisler, O. Gerhard, E. A. Gonzalez Solares, E. K. Grebel, M. L. Gutierrez Albarran, D. Hatzidimitriou, E. Held, F. Jimenez-Esteban, H. Jonsson, C. Jordi, T. Khachaturyants, G. Kordopatis, J. Kos, N. Lagarde, L. Mahy, M. Mapelli, E. Marfil, S. L. Martell, S. Messina, A. Miglio, I Minchev, A. Moitinho, J. Montalban, M. J. P. F. G. Monteiro, C. Morossi, N. Mowlavi, A. Mucciarelli, D. N. A. Murphy, N. Nardetto, S. Ortolani, F. Paletou, J. Palous, E. Paunzen, J. C. Pickering, A. Quirrenbach, P. Re Fiorentin, J. Read, D. Romano, N. Ryde, N. Sanna, W. Santos, G. M. Seabroke, A. Spagna, M. Steinmetz, E. Stonkute, E. Sutorius, F. Thevenin, M. Tosi, M. Tsantaki, J. S. Vink, N. Wright, R. F. G. Wyse, M. Zoccali, J. Zorec, D. B. Zucker, N. A. Walton
Summary: This article provides an overview of the implementation, science results, and potential of the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey. The survey has successfully determined radial velocities, stellar parameters, and elemental abundances for a large sample of Galactic stars. The final catalogue of the survey, along with advanced data products, will be released in the first half of 2022.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
D. Jack, K-P Schroder, M. Mittag, U. Bastian
Summary: This study provides evidence for the detection of a new member in the Albireo system, which is a low mass star orbiting Albireo Aa. The results indicate that Albireo is a hierarchical multiple star system and remains significant for future observations and studies.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Josefina Michea, Anna Pasquali, Rory Smith, Paula Calderon-Castillo, Eva K. Grebel, Reynier F. Peletier
Summary: It has been found that dwarf early-type galaxies often have complex substructures, including disk-like and clump-like structures. The substructures typically contribute around 8.7% and 5.3% of the total galaxy light in the g and r bands respectively. Disk substructures are found in redder dwarf ETGs, while clump substructures are found in bluer ones.
ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
G. Gilmore, S. Randich, C. C. Worley, A. Hourihane, A. Gonneau, G. G. Sacco, J. R. Lewis, L. Magrini, P. Francois, R. D. Jeffries, S. E. Koposov, A. Bragaglia, E. J. Alfaro, C. Allende Prieto, R. Blomme, A. J. Korn, A. C. Lanzafame, E. Pancino, A. Recio-Blanco, R. Smiljanic, S. Van Eck, T. Zwitter, T. Bensby, E. Flaccomio, M. J. Irwin, E. Franciosini, L. Morbidelli, F. Damiani, R. Bonito, E. D. Friel, J. S. Vink, L. Prisinzano, U. Abbas, D. Hatzidimitriou, E. Held, C. Jordi, E. Paunzen, A. Spagna, R. J. Jackson, J. Maiz Apellaniz, M. Asplund, P. Bonifacio, S. Feltzing, J. Binney, J. Drew, A. M. N. Ferguson, G. Micela, I Negueruela, T. Prusti, H-W Rix, A. Vallenari, M. Bergemann, A. R. Casey, P. de Laverny, A. Frasca, V Hill, K. Lind, L. Sbordone, S. G. Sousa, V Adibekyan, E. Caffau, S. Daflon, D. K. Feuillet, M. Gebran, J. Gonzalez Hernandez, G. Guiglion, A. Herrero, A. Lobel, D. Montes, T. Morel, G. Ruchti, C. Soubiran, H. M. Tabernero, G. Tautvaisiene, G. Traven, M. Valentini, M. Van der Swaelmen, S. Villanova, C. Viscasillas Vazquez, A. Bayo, K. Biazzo, G. Carraro, B. Edvardsson, U. Heiter, P. Jofre, G. Marconi, C. Martayan, T. Masseron, L. Monaco, N. A. Walton, S. Zaggia, V. Aguirre Borsen-Koch, J. Alves, L. Balaguer-Nunez, P. S. Barklem, D. Barrado, M. Bellazzini, S. R. Berlanas, A. S. Binks, A. Bressan, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, L. Casagrande, L. Casamiquela, R. S. Collins, V D'Orazi, M. L. L. Dantas, V. P. Debattista, E. Delgado-Mena, P. Di Marcantonio, A. Drazdauskas, N. W. Evans, B. Famaey, M. Franchini, Y. Fremat, X. Fu, D. Geisler, O. Gerhard, E. A. Gonzalez Solares, E. K. Grebel, M. L. Gutierrez Albarran, F. Jimenez-Esteban, H. Jonsson, T. Khachaturyants, G. Kordopatis, J. Kos, N. Lagarde, H-G Ludwig, L. Mahy, M. Mapelli, E. Marfil, S. L. Martell, S. Messina, A. Miglio, I Minchev, A. Moitinho, J. Montalban, M. J. P. F. G. Monteiro, C. Morossi, N. Mowlavi, A. Mucciarelli, D. N. A. Murphy, N. Nardetto, S. Ortolani, F. Paletou, J. Palous, J. C. Pickering, A. Quirrenbach, P. Re Fiorentin, J. Read, D. Romano, N. Ryde, N. Sanna, W. Santos, G. M. Seabroke, L. Spina, M. Steinmetz, E. Stonkute, E. Sutorius, F. Thevenin, M. Tosi, M. Tsantaki, N. Wright, R. F. G. Wyse, M. Zoccali, J. Zorec, D. B. Zucker
Summary: The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey is an important project that aims to obtain astrophysical parameters and elemental abundances for a large sample of stars, providing valuable data for the homogenisation of other stellar surveys. The survey obtained a significant amount of spectra and the final data set will be released in the coming years.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Dongwook Lim, Andreas J. Koch-Hansen, Sang-Hyun Chun, Seungsoo Hong, Young-Wook Lee
Summary: Globular clusters are important in the formation and evolution of the Milky Way. Through high-resolution spectroscopy using the IGRINS instrument, stellar parameters and chemical abundances were determined for stars in the Galactic bulge. However, there is no clear evidence that these stars belong to metal-poor globular clusters.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Z. Prudil, A. J. Koch-Hansen, B. Lemasle, E. K. Grebel, T. Marchetti, C. J. Hansen, J. Crestani, V. F. Braga, G. Bono, B. Chaboyer, M. Fabrizio, M. Dall'Ora, C. E. Martinez-Vazquez
Summary: This study presents a chemo-dynamical analysis of the Orphan stellar stream, focusing on the properties of RR Lyrae pulsating variable stars and their connection to other celestial bodies. The results indicate a correlation between the Orphan stream and the positions, kinematics, and metallicities of the RR Lyrae stars. Additionally, nonvariable stars associated with the Orphan stream were also identified.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Istvan Dekany, Eva K. Grebel
Summary: Researchers have used deep learning to establish a reliable correlation between the metal abundances of RR Lyrae stars in different photometric wave bands, achieving accurate calibration and prediction. Using this method, they obtained the average metallicities of the inner bulge and halo of the Milky Way, and created a public catalog with a large amount of galaxy metallicity information, along with an all-sky map.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Bahar Bidaran, Francesco La Barbera, Anna Pasquali, Reynier Peletier, Glenn van de Ven, Eva K. Grebel, Jesus Falcon-Barroso, Agnieszka Sybilska, Dimitri A. Gadotti, Lodovico Coccato
Summary: Using MUSE spectra, this study investigates the effect of pre-processing and accretion on a galaxy cluster on the integrated stellar population properties of dwarf early-type galaxies (dEs). The results show that the dEs in the Virgo cluster, which were accreted from a massive galaxy group, have different metallicity and alpha-to-iron ratio compared to dEs in the Virgo and Coma clusters with similar stellar mass and infall time. Evidence of recent star formation is also found in some of the dEs. These findings suggest that the stellar population properties of low-mass galaxies may be shaped by both pre-processing in galaxy groups and environmental processes during accretion onto a cluster.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
B. Lemasle, H. N. Lala, V Kovtyukh, M. Hanke, Z. Prudil, G. Bono, V. F. Braga, R. da Silva, M. Fabrizio, G. Fiorentino, P. Francois, E. K. Grebel, A. Kniazev
Summary: This study aims to determine the location of spiral arms in our galaxy using Cepheids as tracers. The researchers derived new parameters for the Galactic warp and confirmed that it cannot explain the increase in abundance gradients in the outer disk. Cepheids are found to be effective in tracing spiral arms even at large distances from the Sun.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Gustavo E. Medina, Camilla J. Hansen, Ricardo R. Munoz, Eva K. Grebel, A. Katherina Vivas, Jeffrey L. Carlin, Clara E. Martinez-Vazquez
Summary: We conducted spectroscopic analysis of 20 halo ab-type RR Lyrae stars using medium-resolution spectra, obtaining systemic velocities of targets with uncertainties of 5-10 km s(-1) and calculating orbital parameters for a subsample. Our findings suggest that at least half of the sample stars might have an accreted origin, based on their orbital orientations in an isolated Milky Way or a perturbed model by the Large Magellanic Cloud. We also derived atmospheric parameters and chemical abundance ratios for seven stars beyond 20 kpc, with some displaying underabundance of alpha-elements, indicating association with accretion events.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Thomas M. Jackson, Anna Pasquali, Francesco La Barbera, Surhud More, Eva K. Grebel
Summary: We examine the stellar mass density and color profiles of a sample of 118 central galaxies at low redshift. We find evidence of minor mergers, supporting the idea that these mergers drive the growth of quiescent galaxies. Using imaging data and SED fitting, we construct spatially resolved radial profiles. Our analysis reveals tidal features in about 42% of the sample, a diffuse stellar halo in 43%, and no features in 14%. We observe a flattening of the profile in the outskirts, providing further support for the role of minor mergers.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2023)