Transforming growth factor-β1 in intrauterine adhesion

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA), led by trauma to the basal layer, can prevent the endometrium from growing, resulting in complications in females, such as infertility and amenorrhea. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) plays a crucial role in inducing and promoting the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal cells, in the secretion of extracellular matrix-associated components, and is a major cytokine in initiating and terminating tissue repair downstream of the TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway. Some evidence supports that TGF-beta 1 is closely associated with the occurrence and development of IUA, and is regarded as an early risk factor of disease recurrence. Furthermore, the role of TGF-beta 1 has been demonstrated to be potentially regulated by a variety of cytokines, hormones, enzymes, and microRNAs. This review provides an overview of the expression, function, and regulation of TGF-beta 1 in IUA, with a brief discussion and perspectives on its future clinical implications on the diagnosis and treatment of IUA.