Journal
HEART FAILURE CLINICS
Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 23-+Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2019.08.001
Keywords
Heart failure; Cardiovascular disease; TMAO; Gut; Prognosis; Risk stratification
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A novel pathophysiological model of interest is the association between heart failure (HF) and the gastrointestinal system, the 'gut hypothesis'. The choline and carnitine metabolic by-product, Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is one of the more prominent molecules associated with the link between HF and the gut. Indeed, TMAO levels are increased in HF populations and higher TMAO levels are associated with poor prognosis, whereas low TMAO levels either at baseline/follow up confer better prognosis. Considering that TMAO levels seem not to be affected by guideline-HF treatment, this model could represent a novel and independent therapeutic target for HF.
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