Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Emanuele Penocchio, Giulio Ragazzon
Summary: Molecular nonequilibrium systems have great potential for future nanotechnology, but their development is hindered by the lack of an informative representation. We extended the energy span model, an approach pertaining to catalytic networks, to provide an insightful visual representation of kinetic asymmetry in system dynamics. Our approach applies to both chemically and photochemically driven systems, ranging from unimolecular motors to simple self-assembly schemes. The obtained diagrams offer immediate access to information needed for guiding experiments and understanding the effects of design changes.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Faezeh Khodabandehlou, Christian Maes, Karel Netocny
Summary: We discuss when and why the steady nonequilibrium heat capacity vanishes with temperature using general arguments and examples. The framework of Markov jump processes on finite connected graphs is used, where the condition of local detailed balance helps identify the heat fluxes, and the discreteness enables a nondegenerate stationary distribution at absolute zero. Additionally, a dynamic condition is needed for the nonequilibrium extension of the Third Law to ensure that the low-temperature dynamical activity and accessibility of the dominant state remain sufficiently high.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Elijah Thimsen
Summary: This work elucidates methods based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics to predict the stationary states of chemical reactions in nonequilibrium plasma and the limits for energy conversion efficiency, using CO2 splitting as an example reaction. It was found that the probability of observing reactants or products increases with the energy dissipated by that side of the reaction as heat through collisions with hot electrons.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Zhi-Feng Yu, Wen-Quan Wang, Yan Yan, Xing-Shun Liu
Summary: This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of flow losses in a Francis turbine using the entropy production method, revealing that hydraulic losses are closely related to flow separation, vortex motion, and backflow. The draft tube accounts for the largest proportion of entropy production, followed by the runner. The method proposed in this paper can explore the location and distribution of energy dissipation under different operating conditions within a certain reasonable range of error.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Ugur Cetiner, Jeremy Gunawardena
Summary: In this study, the properties of steady-state probabilities are investigated. It is found that steady-state probabilities are related to the entropy along minimal paths and can be expressed as averages over a probability distribution on spanning trees. By applying Arrhenius rates to the arboreal distribution, a thermodynamic interpretation for steady-state probabilities is provided. This approach extends equilibrium statistical mechanics and reorganizes the complexity of the expression.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lasith S. Kariyawasam, Mohammad Mosharraf Hossain, C. Scott Hartley
Summary: Biochemical systems use the energy of chemical fuels to operate out-of-equilibrium and perform critical functions. The formation of transient covalent bonds is a key tool in designing analogous reaction networks. Recent demonstrations of abiotic nonequilibrium systems using fuel chemistries have shown how different fuel reactions can impact a wide range of nonequilibrium behaviors, from self-assembly to the operation of molecular machines.
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
(2021)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Lee Jinwoo
Summary: When a system is in equilibrium, external perturbations result in nonequilibrium distributions. Recent experiments have shown that these nonequilibrium data can contain critical information. Jinwoo and Tanaka mathematically prove that the nonequilibrium free energy profile of a process is connected to Jarzynski's work, which dissipates while molecules perform their tasks. We verify this fact numerically and provide an example of RNA translocation analysis using a computer simulation, confirming the efficiency of the process.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Dominic J. Skinner, Jorn Dunkel
Summary: Living systems defy the second law of thermodynamics to maintain or increase local order by consuming free energy, thus increasing the net entropy of their environment. By reformulating the problem within an optimization framework, improved bounds on the rate of entropy production can be inferred from partial measurements of biological systems. This approach provides provably optimal estimates and reveals non-zero entropy production rates even in seemingly time-symmetric processes that obey detailed balance.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Qiwei Yu, Dongliang Zhang, Yuhai Tu
Summary: This study reveals that the energy dissipation rate in a nonequilibrium reaction system has an inverse power-law dependence on the number of microscopic states in a coarse-grained state, and requires self-similarity of the underlying network. The scaling exponent of the dissipation law depends on the network structure and the probability flux correlation. The existence of the inverse dissipation scaling law is demonstrated in realistic biochemical systems such as biochemical oscillators and microtubule-kinesin active flow systems.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
M. A. Fauthan, S. Abdullah, M. F. Abdullah
Summary: The objective of this study is to predict the fatigue life behavior of magnesium alloy using entropy generation. By considering the thermodynamic framework, the entropy generation method was developed to measure the energy dissipation rate and increase in temperature. The experimental results showed that the amount of entropy generated increased as the number of cycles to failure increased.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T
(2023)
Article
Mechanics
Zhiyi Yuan, Yongxue Zhang, Wenbo Zhou, Cong Wang
Summary: This study analyzes the vortex flow characteristics and control methods in both pump and turbine modes, indicating that local shear is the main cause of hydraulic loss. In pump mode, the average wake loss is 1.6 times higher than the loss in jet regions, while there is little difference in turbine mode. Adjusting the volute tongue angle can effectively reduce hydraulic loss by decreasing shear and the ratio of shear to rigid vorticity in local vortices.
Article
Quantum Science & Technology
Xuanhua Wang, Jin Wang
Summary: In this study, quantum master equations beyond secular approximation are used to study the nonequilibrium thermodynamic cost of enhanced quantum metrology and quantum correlations. It is found that nonequilibrium conditions enhance quantum Fisher information and quantum correlations predominantly for weak tunneling scenarios. However, in the strong tunneling regimes, the quantum Fisher information and quantum correlations cannot be continuously boosted by higher thermodynamic costs and decay once the system is overburdened with extremely large energy currents.
QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Korak Kumar Ray, Colin D. Kinz-Thompson, Jingyi Fei, Bin Wang, Qiao Lin, Ruben L. Gonzalez
Summary: Biomolecular machines utilize thermal and chemical energy to perform cellular processes, and they require dynamic rearrangements of structural components. The physical and structural mechanisms through which ligands achieve repurposing of these dynamics remain unknown.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Qi Gao, Hyun-Myung Chun, Jordan M. Horowitz
Summary: We analyze the static response to perturbations of nonequilibrium steady states modeled as one-dimensional diffusions on the circle. We demonstrate that arbitrary perturbations can be decomposed into combinations of three specific classes of perturbations that can be effectively addressed individually. For each class, we derive simple formulas that quantitatively characterize the response in terms of the strength of nonequilibrium driving, valid even far from equilibrium.
Article
Physics, Fluids & Plasmas
Wenqi Lin, Yi-Hung Liao, Pik -Yin Lai, Yonggun Jun
Summary: In this experiment, we demonstrate that a Brownian gyrator of a colloidal particle confined by a two-dimensional harmonic potential with different temperatures on orthogonal axes can function as an autonomous heat engine, extracting work from an optical feedback trap-generated heat bath. The results confirm the theoretical predictions of thermodynamic currents and validate the possibility of achieving Carnot efficiency, as well as the trade-off relation between power and efficiency. Furthermore, the study shows that current fluctuations and entropy production rate remain constant in the steady state and their product near the Carnot efficiency approaches the lower bound of the thermodynamic uncertainty relation.
