Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hongqiang Yan, Zuomin Zhan, Huaqing Wang, Jie Cheng, Zhengping Fang
Summary: Three full bio-based benzoxazines were prepared using bio-based compounds that could cure completely below 200 degrees Celsius. The obtained polybenzoxazines showed low decomposition rates, high residual char at 800 degrees Celsius, and predicted good flame retardancy. These high-performance bio-based thermosets are suitable for plant fiber-reinforced composites applications.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Litong Wang, Manlin Yuan, Yudi Zhao, Zhen Guo, Xin Lu, Zhong Xin
Summary: A bio-based superhydrophobic coating was successfully fabricated by incorporating hexagonal boron nitride particles and gallic acid into a benzoxazine-based coating. The modified coating exhibited enhanced stability and excellent corrosion resistance.
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Xiaoyi Sun, Qixuan Fu, Pei Dai, Caili Zhang, Riwei Xu
Summary: Trisilanolphenyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane titanium (Ti-Ph-POSS) was synthesized and dispersed in benzoxazine (BZ) to prepare Ti-Ph-POSS/PBZ composite materials. Ti-Ph-POSS exhibited catalytic activity in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of BZ and reduced the curing temperature of benzoxazine. Ti immobilized on the Ti-Ph-POSS cage formed covalent bonds with N or O atoms on polybenzoxazine, improving the thermal stability of PBZ.
Article
Polymer Science
Wenqian Zhao, Boran Hao, Yin Lu, Kan Zhang
Summary: A novel bio-benzoxazine thermosetting resin with low-temperature polymerization feature has been developed. The resin exhibits high hydrophobicity, high thermal stability, and low heat release capacity, making it a potential matrix for producing high-performance materials.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiamei Liu, Weichen Sheng, Rui Yang, Yu Liu, Yin Lu, Kan Zhang
Summary: A series of bio-based fluorin-free main-chain type benzoxazine precursors were synthesized via Mannich condensation reaction using bisphenol A/bisphenol F/diallyl bisphenol A, Priamine 1074 and paraformaldehyde. The chemical structures of the obtained main-chain precursors were characterized using FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. The thermal stability and surface free energy were evaluated using DSC, in situ FT-IR analysis, water contact angle instrument, DMA and TGA, demonstrating the great potential of these bio-based polybenzoxazine resins as high-performance resin matrices.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chen Chen, Yuzhu Cao, Xin Lu, Xiu Li, Hongjie Yao, Zhong Xin
Summary: This study synthesized copolymers from renewable raw materials and found that one of the samples exhibited good corrosion resistance at a low curing temperature, providing a new avenue for preparing high-performance anticorrosive materials.
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
(2021)
Article
Polymer Science
Jiajia Ye, Qiusha Li, Shuai Zhang, Xiaobo Liu
Summary: In this study, a modified resin with higher reactivity and lower curing temperature was successfully synthesized by introducing melamine moiety into phthalonitrile. The modified resin formed various chemical structures during the reaction process, showing higher thermal stability.
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Hongliang Ding, Xin Wang, Lei Song, Yuan Hu
Summary: This review summarizes the latest research progress on flame retardant bio-based benzoxazines, including the synthesis methods, curing mechanism, and applications in terms of flame retardancy, thermal stability, and other properties.
JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yin Lu, Yaliang Peng, Yi Yang, Jiahao Liu, Kan Zhang
Summary: In this study, a benzoxazine monomer (oHPNI-fa) with both norbornene and furan groups was designed and synthesized to meet the urgent need for novel high-performance resins in the aerospace and electronics industries. The molecular structure of oHPNI-fa was verified through various characterization techniques. The thermally activated terpolymerization of oHPNI-fa was monitored and its low-temperature-curing characteristics were revealed and discussed. The resulting highly cross-linked thermoset based on oHPNI-fa exhibited excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy. The molecular design strategy used in this study provides a guide for the development of high-performance resins for aerospace and electronics applications.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Boran Hao, Jiaqi Wang, Yuan Zhang, Weichen Sheng, Kan Zhang
Summary: Adding a smart biobased benzoxazine monomer to thermosetting resins can enhance their properties and can be used in various traditional thermosetting systems through copolymerization.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Dengxun Ren, Mingzhen Xu, Sijing Chen, Xiaoqian Xu, Shuai Zhang, Mangui Han, Xiaobo Liu
Summary: Introduction of fluorinated substituents in molecular chains is an efficient method to prepare materials with decreased dielectric constant and loss, as demonstrated in the synthesis of a kind of fluorinated phthalonitrile containing benzoxazine. The cured BPAF-ph showed double-stage curing reaction behaviors and good processability, with structures and properties being influenced by different post curing procedures. The glass fiber reinforced BPAF-ph composites exhibited promising properties in terms of thermal and mechanical stability.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Xiaoqian Xu, Mingzhen Xu, Tian Liu, Dengxun Ren, Xiaobo Liu
Summary: A promoted polymerization method for a phthalonitrile-based polymer was designed and its curing processes and behaviors were investigated. The results showed that this method could reduce the prepolymerization temperature, increase the polymerization rate and crosslinking degree, and form specific aromatic heterocyclic structures. The polymer exhibited outstanding thermal and mechanical properties.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
K. Mohamed Mydeen, J. Praveen Kanth, Arumugam Hariharan, Krishnasamy Balaji, Subramaniam Rameshkumar, G. Rathika, Muthukaruppan Alagar
Summary: In this study, three types of bio-based benzoxazines were synthesized from thymol using different amines, and their molecular structures and properties were characterized. The curing behavior, thermal stability, flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, and corrosion resistance of these benzoxazines were investigated.
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Tao Ai, Yao Zhang, Danni Zhong, Zecheng Yang, Jingshan Zong, Yanhui Niu
Summary: A new hybrid benzoxazine with low curing temperature, ultrahigh char yield, and great flame retardance was successfully synthesized in this study. The curing behavior of the hybrid benzoxazine was studied using DSC and FTIR, and its thermal stability and flame retardancy were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis and UL-94 flame test, respectively. The results indicated significant improvements in the properties of the hybrid benzoxazine compared to traditional formulations.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Yang-Chin Kao, Wei-Cheng Chen, Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy, Mohamed Gamal Mohamed, Mohsin Ejaz, Shiao-Wei Kuo
Summary: A monofunctionalized bio-based benzoxazine monomer (VAnBZ-CN) was synthesized by condensing vanillin, formaldehyde, and aniline, while a bifunctional epoxy-functionalized poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS-epoxy) was prepared through hydrosilylation reactions with allyl glycidyl ether. The blending of the inorganic PDMS-epoxy with the VAnBZ-CN benzoxazine monomer resulted in the formation of an organic/inorganic hybrid material, which exhibited enhanced thermal stability after thermal curing polymerization.
MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Qingshan Yang, Jun Wang, Shuang Yang, Siqi Huo, Pingan Song, Zhengping Fang, Hao Wang
Summary: A phosphorus-containing aliphatic amine curing agent (DPT) was synthesized and used as a flame-retardant curing agent for epoxy resin systems. The introduction of phosphorus-based group reduced the curing activity. The DPT-containing EP systems exhibited improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression due to the bi-phase flame-retardant action of DPT.
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Guofeng Ye, Siqi Huo, Cheng Wang, Pingan Song, Zhengping Fang, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: In this study, a novel hyperbranched, P-P synergetic, bio-based flame retardant (DIT) was synthesized, which could enhance the fire safety, mechanical properties, thermal resistance and transparency of epoxy resins. The addition of 2 wt% DIT enabled the EP/2DIT sample to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 36.6%. DIT demonstrated durable flame retardancy and improved the elongation at break, tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the EP/2DIT sample. The high efficiency of DIT as a flame retardant was attributed to the synergism between DOPO and THPO.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Di Zhang, Weihong Cao, Zhenghong Guo, Hongqiang Yan, Zhengping Fang, Peng Chen, Juan Li
Summary: Researchers have developed a flame-retardant polymer called vitrimer by incorporating an epoxy monomer with a phosphonate group. By adding specific acid monomers, they were able to regulate the structure and properties of the polymer. The vitrimer showed excellent flame retardancy, recyclability, and shape memory performance.
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Miaohong Yao, Linghui Liu, Changchang Ma, Huan Zhang, Yan Zhang, Ruiyin Song, Zhengping Fang, Pingan Song
Summary: In this study, a bio-based sol solution was designed and prepared to improve the flame retardancy and crystallinity of polylactide (PLA), and enhance its degradability in water. The addition of a bio-based flame retardant and polyethylene glycol (PEG) resulted in PLA achieving UL94 V-0 flame retardant rating and a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.4%. Furthermore, the sol solution accelerated the degradation rate of PLA in water. The study also found that degraded PLA and the flame retardant were released as oligomers during the hydrolysis process.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Yao Xu, Bingtao Wang, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Peng Chen, Juan Li
Summary: A bio-based copolymer (TDDL) containing lysine, dopamine, triazine was synthesized and used as a charring agent, while ammonium polyphosphate (APP) served as an acid source to improve the flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Tests showed that TPU blends with 8 wt% APP achieved a UL-94 V0 rating and a LOI value of 30.0 vol%, while TPU blends containing 6 wt% APP/TDDL exhibited a UL-94 V0 rating and a LOI of 29.6 vol%, indicating a synergistic effect between TDDL and APP. In addition, TDDL reduced the heat release rate of TPU/APP blend, promoted the formation of a char layer, and suppressed combustible gas and smoke release. Moreover, TPU blends demonstrated better modulus and elongation at break compared to TPU.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Lingfeng Yu, Siqi Huo, Cheng Wang, Guofeng Ye, Pingan Song, Jiabing Feng, Zhengping Fang, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: Introducing a bio-based, furan-containing polyphosphoramide (DFDP) enhances the flame retardancy of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) while maintaining its mechanical properties. PLA with 2 wt% DFDP achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and an increased limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.8%. DFDP effectively improved the strength, toughness, and UV protection of PLA. This study provides a sustainable and comprehensive strategy for creating flame-retardant biomaterials with improved UV protection and preserved mechanical properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Cheng Wang, Siqi Huo, Guofeng Ye, Zhengping Fang, Hao Wang, Zhitian Liu
Summary: Novel ZrP-D nanosheets were synthesized and used in intumescent fire-retardant coatings (IFRCs), showing improved fire resistance, smoke suppression, thermal stability and water tolerance. The introduction of 3wt% ZrP-D reduced the backside temperature of IFRC by approximately 43.4% and significantly reduced peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release. The IFRC also exhibited enhanced thermal stability and water tolerance with char yield reaching 64% and water contact angle of 82.7 degrees. This study provides a rational design for creating IFRCs with smoke suppression and water resistance, which has promising industrial applications.
JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Bingtao Wang, Runfeng Ye, Zhenghong Guo, Juan Li, Zhengping Fang, Shiya Ran
Summary: CeHPP was synthesized and introduced into PC/DBDPO to improve the flame retardancy. The flame retardancy of PC/DBDPO/Sb2O3 and PC/DBDPO/CeHPP composites were compared. CeHPP showed a better synergistic effect with DBDPO than Sb2O3. The char-barrier effect of CeHPP transferred the free-radical-trapping effect of BFRs from the gaseous phase to the condensed phase, inhibiting the release and spread of gases and smoke.
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jinhao Sun, Di Zhang, Yong Yang, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Peng Chen, Juan Li
Summary: A bio-based flame retardant TFD was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of polyamide 6 (PA6). A bio-based chain extender EDPDO was utilized to regulate the mechanical properties of PA6. A combination of 8 wt% TFD and 1 wt% EDPDO in PA6 achieved a UL-94 V0 rating, with improved mechanical properties. The improved flame retardancy in the UL-94 test was mainly attributed to the melting-away effect, while poor adhesion among char particles resulted in the formation of smoke.
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Junhua Ding, Jinggang Wang, Weihong Cao, Huajun Zheng, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Peng Chen, Juan Li
Summary: A bio-based phosphonate, DPGE, was synthesized and used to enhance the flame retardancy of PEFT20. PEFT20 containing 8 wt% DPGE exhibited excellent flame retardant properties with a UL-94 V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index of 29.8 vol %. The mechanical performance of PEFT20/DPGE was regulated by incorporating TGIC, which improved the flexural and impact strengths of the blend but also counteracted the melting-away effect caused by DPGE, resulting in a decrease in flame retardancy.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Li Zhang, Qian Zhang, Weihong Cao, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Juan Li, Peng Chen
Summary: A phosphorous-silicon hybrid microsphere (SiP-M) was synthesized using a phosphorous-silicon precursor, and it was employed to enhance the flame retardancy of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The addition of SiP-M reduced the flammability of PBAT, and the use of a coupling agent KH560 improved the interface adhesion between PBAT and SiP-M, enhancing the tensile strength and elongation at the break of PBAT blends. This work provides an efficient method for preparing flame retardant PBAT without compromising its mechanical properties.
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Wei Zhang, Hui Li, Weihong Cao, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Juan Li, Peng Chen
Summary: In this study, an organophosphorus flame retardant (BHD) and a charring-coupling agent (DE) were synthesized and coated on aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) to form BD-ADP. PA6 blended with 12 wt% BD-ADP achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index of 30.0 vol%. By substituting 1.0 wt% DE for BD-ADP, PA6-1.0E not only achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating, but also exhibited a longer ignition time and improved mechanical properties compared to PA6-12A.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Juan Chai, Wei Feng, Hongqiang Yan, Yan Xia, Yong Yang, Bingtao Wang, Juan Li, Zhengping Fang, Zhenghong Guo
Summary: A lamellar cerium phenylphosphonate (CeHPP) was synthesized through a reflux method and combined with aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) to prepare flame retardant carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/CF) composites, achieving improved flame retardancy and elimination of the candlewick effect caused by CFs.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jinhao Sun, Di Zhang, Bingtao Wang, Yan Xia, Yanhui Zhang, Zhenghong Guo, Zhengping Fang, Juan Li, Peng Chen
Summary: A star-shaped flame retardant containing Si/P/B (SiFAD) was synthesized to enhance the performance of epoxy (EP) in terms of flame retardancy, toughness, and transparency. The addition of 6 wt% SiFAD to EP resulted in UL-94 V0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 34.7 vol%. SiFAD promoted early degradation of EP, increased char formation at high temperature, and improved flame retardancy through both gas and condensed phase actions. Tensile and impact strength of EP were enhanced, with EP containing 4 wt% SiFAD showing 139% higher impact strength (15.8 kJ/m2) compared to pure EP. Furthermore, SiFAD facilitated microphase separation in EP composites, enabling good transparency.
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bingtao Wang, Yu Zhang, Juan Li, Zhengping Fang, Zhenghong Guo, Shiya Ran
Summary: In this study, a flame retardant containing sulfonate and phosphazene moieties (HSPP) was synthesized and applied to PC to improve flame retardancy properties without sacrificing transparency. The results showed that a low loading of HSPP (0.04wt%) could significantly improve the flame retardancy of PC, achieving a 30.4% increase in LOI, V-0 rating in UL-94, 25% reduction in THR, and 45% reduction in COY in the cone calorimetry test. The flame retardancy mechanism was attributed to the synergistic carbonization of sulfonates and phosphazene moieties from HSPP and the enhanced barrier effect of PC residual char layer with high graphitization and integrity quality. The transparency and mechanical properties of the PC composite were well maintained due to the low-loading of HSPP.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
