Environmental persistence of Tulane virus - a surrogate for human norovirus

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. The persistence of HuNoV in the environment contributes significantly to its transmission to humans. Surrogate viruses are used to study HuNoV owing to the lack of a cell culture system for this virus. Here, the persistence of Tulane virus (TV) - a novel HuNoV surrogate - in surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) as well as on acrylic-based solid (ABS) and stainless steel (SS) surfaces was investigated. After 28 days, TV remained stable in SW (<1 log(10) reduction) but was reduced by >= 3.5 to 4 log(10) in GW by day 21. TV had a higher rate of reduction on SS compared with ABS, with corresponding D values of 18.5 +/- 0.34 and 13.1 +/- 0.36 days, respectively. This is the first study to demonstrate the persistence of TV in environmental waters and on fomite surfaces.