Editorial Material
Orthopedics
V. Rajput, R. M. D. Meek, F. S. Haddad
Summary: Periprosthetic joint infection is a challenging complication with many unanswered questions. Despite progress in defining and treating the infection, further research is needed to identify the organisms involved and resolve remaining problems.
BONE & JOINT JOURNAL
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Sandra B. Nelson, Jodian A. Pinkney, Antonia F. Chen, Aaron J. Tande
Summary: This review provides an overview of current care for periprosthetic joint infection, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and addressing diagnostic and management challenges. Periprosthetic joint infection has become more prevalent and complex over time, and although advances have been made in surgical and medical treatments, there are still gaps in understanding. The article presents current approaches to diagnosing and managing periprosthetic joint infection, with a focus on common clinical challenges and collaborative interdisciplinary care.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Sandra B. Nelson, Jodian A. Pinkney, Antonia F. Chen, Aaron J. Tande
Summary: This review presents the current approaches to the diagnosis and management of periprosthetic joint infection, with a focus on multidisciplinary collaboration, common diagnostic and management challenges, and patient-centered decision making.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Orthopedics
Evan M. Dugdale, Mason E. Uvodich, Douglas R. Osmon, Mark W. Pagnano, Daniel J. Berry, Matthew P. Abdel
Summary: This study aimed to determine the impact of antibiotics given prior to laboratory evaluation on the reliability of serologic and synovial fluid tests to identify early postoperative periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty. The results showed that the false negative rates for detecting PJI were significantly higher in antibiotic-treated patients compared to untreated patients.
JOURNAL OF ARTHROPLASTY
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
Shay Warren, Gregory W. Charville, Robert Manasherob, Derek F. Amanatullah
Summary: This study examines the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in periprosthetic tissue of patients with PJI and aseptic failure, finding that PD-L1 expression is upregulated in PJI patients and associated with recurrent infection.
JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
Maud C. Kamp, Wai-Yan Liu, Jon H. M. Goosen, Wim H. C. Rijnen, Liza N. van Steenbergen, Walter van der Weegen
Summary: The incidence of PJI in the Dutch Arthroplasty Register (LROI) may be underestimated due to unregistered Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention procedures without component exchange, as well as administrative errors. A national arthroplasty complication registry linked to the LROI could help decrease the number of missing PJI cases, reflecting findings from national arthroplasty registries globally.
JOURNAL OF ARTHROPLASTY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Christos Koutserimpas, Symeon Naoum, Vasileios Giovanoulis, Konstantinos Raptis, Kalliopi Alpantaki, Konstantinos Dretakis, Georgia Vrioni, George Samonis
Summary: Fungal hip prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are rare but severe infections. This review analyzed all published cases of fungal hip PJIs to provide comprehensive information on demographics, causative fungi, treatment options, and infection outcomes.
Article
Orthopedics
Carlos A. Higuera
Summary: With moderate level of evidence, the use of extended oral antibiotics after reimplantation in orthopedic infections may reduce the risk of failure due to periprosthetic joint infection, but the long-term utilization poses concerns of antibiotic resistance and side effects. Further studies are needed to validate this practice.
JOURNAL OF ARTHROPLASTY
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
Carl L. Herndon, Taylor M. Rowe, Rory W. Metcalf, Susan M. Odum, Thomas K. Fehring, Bryan D. Springer, Jesse E. Otero
Summary: Fungal periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is difficult to treat and has a high failure rate. This study represents the largest cohort of fungal PJIs reported in the literature, and more research is needed to improve care for these patients.
JOURNAL OF ARTHROPLASTY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Hai-Bo Wang, Liang Zhang, Jin-Quan Li, Xia-Yu Qian, Hai-Yan Yang, Yuan-Ping Yang, Zi-Tao Zhong
Summary: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is closely related to the susceptibility of common diseases and adverse drug reactions. The gold nanoparticle nucleic acid strip provides a low-cost and rapid visualization method for detecting cancer-related SNP sites in the CYP1A1 gene. Dual strips A and G were prepared to accurately distinguish SNP sites, and false-positive results were eliminated by optimizing the DNA length and NaCl concentration. This method showed consistent results with sequencing and is rapid, visual, false-positive-free, and cost-effective for initial screening of SNP-related diseases.
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Infectious Diseases
Graham S. Goh, Javad Parvizi
Summary: The use of antibiotics may affect the diagnostic accuracy of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), particularly in microbiological cultures and biomarkers. Future research should focus on patients who have received antibiotics before specimen collection.
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Sindhoora Murthy, Jan Fritz
Summary: The article discusses the emerging role of metal artifact reduction MRI in the noninvasive diagnosis of infectious synovitis as the surrogate marker for periprosthetic hip joint infection and differentiation from other synovitis types in a 54-year-old woman with progressive right hip pain after hip arthroplasty performed 9 years earlier.
Article
Orthopedics
Emanuele Chisari, Darren D'Mello, Matthew B. Sherman, Javad Parvizi
Summary: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at higher risk for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and aseptic loosening after primary total joint arthroplasty. The reasons for this finding could be related to bacterial translocation from the inflamed intestinal mucosa, the dysregulated inflammatory status of these patients, malnutrition, and potentially other factors.
JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY-AMERICAN VOLUME
(2022)
Article
Orthopedics
Nathanael D. Heckmann, Jennifer C. Wang, Amit S. Piple, Glenda A. Marshall, Emily S. Mills, Kevin C. Liu, Jay R. Lieberman, Alexander B. Christ
Summary: This study analyzed the risk of infection in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) who received intraoperative dexamethasone. The results showed that intraoperative dexamethasone was associated with a reduced risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and other complications. Therefore, this study supports the utilization of intraoperative dexamethasone in TKA or THA.
JOURNAL OF ARTHROPLASTY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Fu-Yuan Pai, Wei-Lin Chang, Shang-Wen Tsai, Cheng-Fong Chen, Po-Kuei Wu, Wei-Ming Chen
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of VTE prophylaxis on the risk of early postoperative SSC and PJI in a Taiwanese population. The results showed that pharmacological thromboprophylaxis appeared to be a modifiable risk factor for SSC and PJI in the early postoperative period.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Chang-Ni Lin, Yi-Cheng Tsai, Ching-Cheng Hsu, Yu-Ling Liang, Yi-Ying Wu, Chieh-Yi Kang, Chun-Hong Lin, Pang-Hung Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee, Keng-Fu Hsu
Summary: Tx-01, a novel aptamer, shows specificity in recognizing ovarian cancer cells and tissues, inhibiting migration and invasion, and suppressing tumor growth through disrupting HSP70/NICD interaction. It acts as a prognostic factor and potential inhibitor in ovarian cancer treatment.
MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Chi-Chien Huang, Yu-Hsuan Kuo, Yi-Sin Chen, Po-Chiun Huang, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: Breast cancer, a commonly diagnosed cancer with high mortality rates, can be detected earlier and with improved survival rates using minimally invasive screening approaches based on extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA biomarkers. An integrated microfluidic system was developed to quantify concentrations of breast cancer biomarkers, automating the process within 5 hours and showing potential as a sensitive platform for early-stage breast cancer diagnosis.
MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yu-Jen Cheng, Chih-Hung Wang, Keng-Fu Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: In this study, an integrated microfluidic system was developed to automatically capture and quantify the methylation level of cfDNA. The system achieved high capture rate and low limit of quantification, allowing for efficient detection of methylated cfDNA from plasma samples in a short time.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Rishabh Gandotra, Hung-Bin Wu, Priya Gopinathan, Yi-Cheng Tsai, Feng-Chih Kuo, Mel S. Lee, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are serious complications that are difficult to diagnose accurately, but a newly developed HNP 1 aptamer and associated assay may help improve diagnostic accuracy and assess treatment responses for PJI.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yu-Hung Cheng, Chih-Hung Wang, Keng-Fu Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: Ovarian cancer is one of the most severe gynecologic cancers with asymptomatic early stages. This study developed an integrated microfluidic chip that can extract cfDNA from plasma, detect and quantify mutations in the OvCa biomarker BRCA1. By automating the cfDNA extraction and qPCR processes, this chip can be used for clinical screening of OvCa-associated mutations.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yi-Sin Chen, Chihchen Chen, Charles Pin-Kuang Lai, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: This study developed a membrane-based EV isolation/counting platform that can efficiently isolate and quantify specific EVs from blood. The platform has a limit of detection of 105 EVs/mL, demonstrating high sensitivity for disease diagnostics.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
You-Ru Jhou, Chih-Hung Wang, Huey-Pin Tsai, Yan-Shen Shan, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: An integrated microfluidic platform utilizing real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification was developed for detection and quantification of three genes of SARS-CoV-2, providing a useful tool for COVID-19 diagnostics.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2022)
Article
Biophysics
Rishabh Gandotra, To -Wen Chen, Feng-Chih Kuo, Mel S. Lee, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: In this study, a new microfluidic platform based on magnetic beads and fluorescent probes was developed to detect α-defensin and human neutrophil protein 1 (HNP 1) in synovial fluid. The method showed high sensitivity and specificity, and could rapidly and accurately detect infection biomarkers within 60 minutes. This compact device with a wide dynamic range has great potential for future diagnostics of periprosthetic joint infection.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tsung-Han Lu, Nai-Jung Chiang, Yi-Cheng Tsai, Priya Gopinathan, Chien-Jui Huang, Jui-Lin Chang, Hsiu-Chi Tu, Yan-Shen Shan, Shang-Cheng Hung, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: Cancer can have devastating consequences and is often difficult to detect in its early stages. A new automated integrated microfluidic system has been developed to improve the diagnosis of bile duct cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a type of cancer that is challenging to diagnose. This system uses three CCA-specific affinity reagents to detect tumor cells in a small sample of CCA patient bile and can automate the entire detection process in just 80 minutes.
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
To-Wen Chen, Rishabh Gandotra, Hwan-You Chang, Mel S. Lee, Feng-Chih Kuo, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: This study developed a novel integrated microfluidic system (IMS) for detecting two common periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) biomarkers, alpha defensin human neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP), from synovial fluid (SF). The system automatically carried out a magnetic bead-based one-aptamer-one-antibody assay within 45 minutes on a single chip, enabling simultaneous detection of both biomarkers at specific concentration ranges. It is the first report to utilize these two biomarkers as targets in an on-chip assay, and the IMS showed promising diagnostic accuracy in clinical samples.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Rishabh Gandotra, Feng-Chih Kuo, Mel S. Lee, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: This study introduces a paper-based microfluidic chip for the quantitative detection of HNP 1 in synovial fluid, providing a rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tool for periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) cases. The chip demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity, with a wide dynamic range, making it a promising solution for PJI diagnosis in clinical settings.
ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA
(2023)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Chi-Chien Huang, Chia-Yu Sung, Yi-Sin Chen, Keng-Fu Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: This study reports an integrated microfluidic system for automated extraction and quantification of extracellular vesicle-derived microRNA from ovarian cancer. By using specific beads, the capture rate of extracellular vesicles was improved and two microRNA biomarkers were simultaneously detected and quantified, providing a precise and specific diagnostic tool for OvCa.
2022 IEEE 35TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (MEMS)
(2022)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Chia-Yu Sung, Chi-Chien Huang, Yi-Sin Chen, Keng-Fu Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: The study developed an integrated microfluidic platform for isolating and quantifying ovarian cancer blood biomarkers, demonstrating high sensitivity and accuracy. The system showed promising potential as a valuable tool for ovarian cancer biomarker measurements.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yu-Jen Cheng, Chih-Hung Wang, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: An integrated microfluidic chip was reported for capturing and analyzing methylated cfDNA in plasma, with a detection limit as low as 2 pg/μL and a dynamic range from 2 to 200 pg/μL. The automated process can be completed in 2 hours, indicating potential for early diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer using liquid biopsy.
2021 34TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS 2021)
(2021)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yi-Da Chung, Yuan-Jhe Chuang, Chang-Ni Lin, Keng-Fu Hsu, Gwo-Bin Lee
Summary: An integrated microfluidic platform has been developed for automating the entire process of OCCC diagnosis, discovering the strong correlation between FXYD2 gene expression and OCCC, and proposing a new protocol for FXYD2 gene detection.
2021 34TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS 2021)
(2021)
Article
Biophysics
Reza Khodadadi, Manouchehr Eghbal, Hamideh Ofoghi, Alireza Balaei, Ali Tamayol, Karen Abrinia, Amir Sanati-Nezhad, Mohamadmahdi Samandari
Summary: This paper introduces an integrated portable centrifugal microfluidic system that automates cell and fluid manipulation for complete blood counting (CBC) analysis at the point-of-care (POC). The system utilizes a specially designed microfluidic disc for cell separation, solution metering and mixing, and cell counting, and is equipped with a custom script for automated quantification of cells. The proposed method shows a strong correlation with the gold standard hematology analyzer for various blood parameters. The portable system offers simplicity, affordability, and low power consumption, making it a potential solution for improving healthcare delivery in resource-limited settings and remote areas.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Nabil H. Bhuiyan, Joon S. Shim
Summary: Developing herd immunity is crucial for changing the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. An AI-driven point-of-care testing platform has been proposed for analyzing the body's response to SARS-CoV-2, and it has been successfully used for quantifying viral proteins and antibodies in blood samples. A data-receptive web-based dashboard system has also been developed for real-time analysis of herd immunity progress.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Alexiane Godain, Timothy M. Vogel, Pascal Fongarland, Naoufel Haddour
Summary: This study provides comprehensive insights into the intricate relationship between shear stress and electroactive biofilms in microbial fuel cells, highlighting the pivotal role of shear stress in influencing the growth kinetics, electrical performance, and physical structure of the biofilms. The study also emphasizes the complexities of extracellular electron transfer mechanisms and the need for complementary metaproteomic analyses.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Linjie Wang, Yixin Chen, Yang Ji, Shujun Zheng, Fei Wang, Caolong Li
Summary: A paper-based biosensor incorporating surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and colorimetric detection has been developed for efficient quantification of intracellular glutathione (GSH). The biosensor exhibits excellent selectivity, stability, and precision, with low detection limits in both SERS and colorimetric modes. It has been successfully utilized for intracellular GSH detection and validated against a commercial GSH assay kit.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Quan Zhou, Jing Wang, Zhen Zhang, Alain Wuethrich, Richard J. Lobb, Matt Trau
Summary: This study presents a biosensor for sensitive detection of EMT-associated biomarkers on extracellular vesicles (EVs) surfaces during targeted therapy. Through longitudinal monitoring of patients, the biosensor shows its ability to identify the EMT-like phenotype switching on circulating EVs during the development of resistance.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Review
Biophysics
Pratika Rai, Sabrina N. Hoba, Celine Buchmann, Robert J. Subirana-Slotos, Christian Kersten, Tanja Schirmeister, Kristina Endres, Bernd Bufe, Alexey Tarasov
Summary: Proteases have been proposed as potential biomarkers for various pathological conditions. The development of protease biosensors offers a more efficient way to investigate dysregulated proteases. This review article presents different optical and electrochemical detection methods for designing biosensors for all major protease families.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Chengxin Liu, Xu Shen, Li Yan, Runlian Qu, Yue Wang, Yaqin He, Zixuan Zhan, Piaopiao Chen, Feng Lin
Summary: In this study, a homogeneous rapid electrochemical aptasensor was developed to quantitatively detect CTCs in lung cancer patients. The aptasensor utilized a DNA nanosphere structure and a complementary aptamer to specifically detect mucin 1 as a marker for CTCs. The assay exhibited high specificity and sensitivity, and the results were consistent with other detection methods.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Danni Xue, Xing Dai, Jialong Zhao, Jiayao Zhang, Huan Liu, Kui Liu, Tao Xu, Chenjie Gu, Xingfei Zhou, Tao Jiang
Summary: In this study, a dual-enhancement SERS substrate based on Ti3C2TX and Ag nanocubes was fabricated for precise quantification of ritonavir and ibrutinib in serum. The formation of numerous electromagnetic hotspots between Ag nanocubes facilitated effective photo-induced charge transfer. The composite substrate showed excellent sensitivity, achieving low detection limits and high recoveries, making it promising for monitoring and identification of clinical blood drug concentration.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Tenghua Zhang, Zihui Xie, Xiaohe Zheng, Yuxin Liang, Yao Lu, Hankang Zhong, Feiyang Qian, Yuqing Zhu, Ruiting Sun, Yan Sheng, Jiaming Hu
Summary: This study reports a technology based on cationic lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for efficient extracellular vesicle (EV) enrichment and in-situ detection of internal microRNAs. The technology demonstrates high EV enrichment efficiency and sensitive internal RNA detection, making it potentially useful for early pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Wenjie Dai, Gaoxu Chen, Xiaoyan Wang, Shujun Zhen, Chengzhi Huang, Lei Zhan, Yuanfang Li
Summary: In this study, a novel metal organic gel (MOG) with dual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties was prepared by simple mixing. The MOG exhibited strong and stable anodic and cathodic ECL signals. By utilizing this MOG, an ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) biosensor was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of a specific gene. The study developed a straightforward technique for obtaining a single luminescent material with dual signals and expanded the analytical application of MOGs in the realm of ECL.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Lais Canniatti Brazaca, Amanda Hikari Imamura, Rodrigo Vieira Blasques, Jessica Rocha Camargo, Bruno Campos Janegitz, Emanuel Carrilho
Summary: The use of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (muPADs) for medical diagnosis is a growing trend due to their low cost, easy use, simple manufacturing, and potential for application in low-resource settings. This review focuses on the advances in muPADs for medical diagnostics, discussing their use in detecting various biomarkers in common human biofluids. The challenges of biomarker detection in each sample are examined, along with innovative techniques to overcome these limitations. The commercialization difficulties of muPADs are also considered, along with future trends such as wearable devices and integrated platforms.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Minghong Jian, Xudong Sun, Hua Zhang, Xiaotong Li, Shasha Li, Zhenxin Wang
Summary: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are attractive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment, but their low abundance in biological samples, especially in the early stages of tumors, makes it challenging to precisely analyze MMP activities. In this study, a peptide microarray-based metal-enhanced fluorescence assay (PMMEFA) is proposed as a sensitive and specific method to simultaneously detect MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, and -13 activities. The PMMEFA showed excellent sensitivity and was capable of detecting MMP activities in various matrices.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Kyung Ho Kim, Eunsu Ryu, Zinah Hilal Khaleel, Sung Eun Seo, Lina Kim, Yong Ho Kim, Hyun Gyu Park, Oh Seok Kwon
Summary: We have developed a novel strategy for discriminative detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants using the plasmonic photothermal effect of gold nanofilms and digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) technology. With this method, we were able to detect the delta and omicron variants with high sensitivity within 25 minutes from COVID-19 patients' clinical samples, making it a rapid and accurate point-of-care testing tool.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Zepeng Kang, Yuanming Wang, Haiyan Song, Xueli Wang, Job Zhang, Zhiguang Zhu
Summary: By designing a wearable and flexible lactic-acid/O2 EBFC with an air-breathing biocathode, the limitations of biocathode are effectively solved. The optimal performance conditions are determined through experiments, and the EBFC is successfully applied to power a low-power device.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)
Article
Biophysics
Huayun Chen, Zhiheng You, Yuhui Hong, Xiao Wang, Mingming Zhao, Yushi Luan, Yibin Ying, Yixian Wang
Summary: This study developed a colorimetric sensor array using gas-responsive two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) composites for highly sensitive detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The dye/Zn-2(bim)(4) composites-based sensor arrays showed enhanced sensitivity and anti-interference properties. The findings demonstrate the potential use of dye/Zn-2(bim)(4) sensor arrays for early perception of plant diseases.
BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS
(2024)