On the Steadiness and Instability of the Intermediate Western Boundary Current between 24° and 18°S

The Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC) transports Antarctic Intermediate Water across the Vitoria-Trindade Ridge (VTR), a seamount chain at similar to 20 degrees S off Brazil. Recent studies suggest that the IWBC develops a strong cyclonic recirculation in Tubarao Bight, upstream of the VTR, with weak time dependency. We herein use new quasi-synoptic observations, data from the Argo array, and a regional numerical model to describe the structure and variability of the IWBC and to investigate its dynamics. Both shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data and trajectories of Argo floats confirm the existence of the IWBC recirculation, which is also captured by our Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) simulation. An intermediate-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) model indicates that the ROMS time-mean flow is a good proxy for the IWBC steady state, as revealed by largely parallel isolines of streamfunction psi over bar and potential vorticity Q over bar ; a psi over bar -Q over bar scatter diagram also shows that the IWBC is potentially unstable. Further analysis of the ROMS simulation reveals that remotely generated, westward-propagating nonlinear eddies are the main source of variability in the region. These eddies enter the domain through the Tubarao Bight eastern edge and strongly interact with the IWBC. As they are advected downstream and negotiate the local topography, the eddies grow explosively through horizontal shear production.