Journal
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Volume 146, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001617
Keywords
Membrane bioreactor (MBR); Full advanced treatment (FAT); Virus; Log removal value (LRV); crAssphage; Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)
Funding
- University of Nevada Las Vegas/Desert Research Institute (UNLV/DRI) Joint Postdoctoral Fellowship Program
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences [P20GM103440]
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This study employed quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate the occurrence and removal of five microbial surrogates at two water reuse facilities. The surrogates were (1) the 16S rRNA gene; (2) the AllBac assay for Bacteroides; (3) the Bacteroides bacteriophage phi B124-14; (4) the Bacteroides bacteriophage phi crAssphage; and (5) the pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Log removal values (LRVs) were quantified for a membrane bioreactor (MBR) and across a full advanced treatment (FAT) train. PMMoV, phi B124-14, and phi crAssphage were detected in the MBR feed at concentrations of approximately 10(3) gene x copies(gc)/mL, 10(5) gc/mL, and 10(6) gc/mL, respectively. Only PMMoV was above the limit of quantification (LoQ) in the MBR filtrate (25 +/- 8 gc/mL), resulting in a wide range of viral LRVs: 1.4 +/- 0.5 for PMMoV, >3.9 +/- 0.3 for phi B124-14, and >6.2 +/- 0.3 for phi crAssphage. All molecular targets were above the LoQ in the biologically treated FAT feed, but only the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was >LoQ after ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) and in the reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. The gene was
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