Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 810-817Publisher
SPRINGER JAPAN KK
DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01611-x
Keywords
Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Neo-antigen; Oncogene; TGF-beta; Immunometabolism; Microbiota
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies (Abs) and CTLA4 Abs and T cell-based adoptive cell therapies are effective for patients with various cancers. However, response rates of ICI monotherapies are still limited due to lack of immunogenic antigens and various immune-resistant mechanisms. The latter includes adaptive immune resistance that is caused by anti-tumor T cells (e.g. PD-L1 induced by IFN-gamma from T cells) and primary immune resistance that is caused by cancer cells (e.g. immunosuppressive cytokines produced by cancer cells). Further understanding of the immune-resistant mechanisms, which may be possible through comparative analyses of responders and non-responders to the immunotherapies, will lead to the identification of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for development of effective cancer immuno therapies.
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