Article
Agricultural Engineering
S. Rivas, L. Lopez, C. Vila, J. C. Parajo
Summary: By subjecting vine shoots to mild aqueous extraction and subsequent reaction under catalyzed conditions, lignin and hemicelluloses were successfully solubilized in a one-stage process, resulting in a cellulose-rich solid. Further conversion of hemicellulose-derived products into furfural was achieved through acidic processing in the presence of recycled 1-butanol.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Lei Zhong, Chao Wang, Guihua Yang, Jiachuan Chen, Feng Xu, Chang Geun Yoo, Gaojin Lyu
Summary: A microwave-assisted guanidine hydrochloride deep eutectic solvent was developed for the pretreatment of castor stalk, showing high efficiency in delignification and enzymatic saccharification, as well as excellent lignin recovery. The guanidine hydrochloride-based DES demonstrated good recyclability and high cellulose hydrolysis rates, making it a promising pretreatment solvent for future biorefinery strategies.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Eko Setio Wibowo, Byung-Dae Park
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between structure and thermal degradation behavior of industrial softwood and hardwood kraft lignin (KL) after acetone fractionation. The results show that the acetone soluble (AS) fractions have lower molecular weight, less native wood lignin side chains, and more condensed structures. In contrast, the acetone insoluble (AI) fractions have higher molecular weight and more aliphatic hydroxyl groups and native lignin side chains.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yongjian Zhang, Thomas L. Eberhardt, Bo Cai, Mingqi Wu, Xiangxin Xu, Junfeng Feng, Hui Pan
Summary: A pilot scale microwave fractionation system (PMFS) was developed for the organosolv fractionation of bamboo sawdust. The PMFS achieved higher lignin and hemicellulose removal rates without serious cellulose degradation. The recovered lignin had a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution and the process showed good utilization efficiency of the bamboo feedstock.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Shaohua Fang, Qiuli Xia, Lin Zhang, Peng Zhan, Yan Qing, Zhiping Wu, Hui Wang, Lishu Shao, Na Liu, Jiaying He, Jin Liu
Summary: The effect of p-TsOH differentiated fractionation of poplar sawdust, eucalyptus sawdust, and rice straw below 100°C was investigated. The results showed that p-TsOH can effectively remove most lignin and hemicellulose from poplar and eucalyptus sawdust, while retaining cellulose. For rice straw, p-TsOH removed most lignin but retained most hemicellulose and cellulose under similar conditions. The structures and compositions of the pretreatment residues were characterized, and the fractionation mechanism of biomass was analyzed.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Graham W. Tindall, Spencer C. Temples, Mikhala Cooper-Robinson, Villo Eniko Becsy-Jakab, David B. Hodge, Mojgan Nejad, Mark C. Thies
Summary: Under specific conditions, aqueous organic solvents can dissolve lignin to form a liquid phase separate from the solvent, creating liquid-liquid equilibrium. The formation of liquid-liquid equilibrium with alcohol solutions offers new opportunities for large-scale purification of raw lignins.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ngoc Tuan Tran, Youngpyo Ko, Sungsoo Kim, Janghyuk Moon, Jae-Wook Choi, Kwang Ho Kim, Chang Soo Kim, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Heesuk Kim, Keunhong Jeong, Hyunjoo Lee, Chun-Jae Yoo
Summary: In this study, microwave irradiation was used for the phenolation of acid-insoluble Klason lignin. Microwave irradiation significantly reduced the reaction temperature and time without affecting the chemical structure of the phenolated lignin. Increasing the reaction temperature led to lignin decomposition, crosslinking, and phenolation. Increasing the phenol-to-lignin ratio enhanced lignin fragmentation and decreased molecular weight and glass transition temperature of the phenolated lignin. Density functional theory was used to explain the thermal and non-thermal effects of the electromagnetic field on the phenolation of Klason lignin. Phenolation greatly improved the solubility of Klason lignin in tetrahydrofuran and methanol, allowing for its adhesive application on various substrates.
Article
Polymer Science
Alina Meindl, Alexander Petutschnigg, Thomas Schnabel
Summary: This research investigates the suitability of different choline-chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for microwave lignin extraction. The study presents an efficient and fast method to extract lignin from untreated larch bark using deep eutectic solvents in a standard domestic microwave. The extraction process is straightforward, green, and cost-effective.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Chenyuan Zhang, Xianpeng Yang, Shuang Yang, Zhongqi Liu, Lei Zhang, Hailong He, Wenmin Qiu, Renying Zhuo, Jing Xu, Lei Wang
Summary: Phytoremediation is a viable method for treating heavy metal contaminated soil, but the resulting biomass is hazardous waste that is typically incinerated, leading to secondary pollution. This study developed a novel DES-based pretreatment and metal extraction process to utilize the biomass obtained from phytoremediation as a renewable feedstock. The DES effectively removed 98.3% of Cd from genetically modified poplar and produced cellulose-rich pulp with trace heavy metals, as well as Cu-containing lignin nanoparticles. The electrochemical properties of the DES allowed for efficient cleaning and recycling. This DES-based treatment technology was also successfully applied to Sedum alfredii, demonstrating its broad applicability and potential for scaling-up.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Carlos A. Vega-Aguilar, Carina Costa, Maria Filomena Barreiro, Alirio E. Rodrigues
Summary: This study investigates the utilization of microwave-assisted reaction for the wet peroxide oxidation of lignins. The results show that the TS-1 catalyst improves the yield of succinic acid from lignins. Additionally, microwave heating enhances the conversion of Lignol lignin to malic acid, making it an attractive method for future valorization.
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Antonio Ovejero-Perez, Victoria Rigual, Mercedes Oliet, Francisco Rodriguez, Juan Carlos Dominguez, M. Virginia Alonso
Summary: Biomass fractionation plays a crucial role in the development of competitive biorefineries, especially in the isolation and recovery of lignin. This study compared two fractionation processes, organosolv and ionosolv, using autohydrolyzed hemicellulose-free poplar as feedstock. The results showed that the ionosolv process at higher temperature achieved higher lignin recovery and produced more thermally stable lignin. The two processes had different effects on lignin recovery and properties.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Di Fan, Jian Yang, Xinyi Xie, Meifang Cao, Li Xu, Xueqing Qiu, Qiyu Liu, Xinping Ouyang
Summary: Production of high-yield noncondensed lignin via fractionation of lignocellulose using p-toluenesulfonic acid in methanol under microwave irradiation was achieved. Microwave irradiation effectively reduced the activation energy of lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) bonds cleavage and facilitated lignin exfoliation from carbohydrates. The lignin obtained showed promising yield and could be selectively depolymerized into monophenols with a high yield.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Zhiwen Wang, Peter J. Deuss
Summary: Finding renewable alternatives to fossil carbon resources is crucial for sustainable development. Lignin, a major component of biomass, has great potential as a source of high value chemicals and materials but is currently underutilized. Research on lignin-focused biorefinery schemes is important for extracting added value from lignin.
BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jacob D. Zwilling, Xiao Jiang, Franklin Zambrano, Richard A. Venditti, Hasan Jameel, Orlin D. Velev, Orlando J. Rojas, Ronalds Gonzalez
Summary: Recent advances in developing sustainable, micro- and nanoscale materials from biobased resources have focused on utilizing lignin to strengthen the bioeconomy. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the various interactions present during and after the formation of lignin micro- and nanoparticles (LPs). These interactions are influenced by the chemical composition, molecular weight distribution, and solvent/water polarity. Factors such as lignin concentration also play a role in nucleation and growth mechanisms, with LPs formed at low concentrations exhibiting larger particle sizes than those formed at higher concentrations.
Article
Polymer Science
Alessio Truncali, Iuliana Ribca, Jenevieve Yao, Minna Hakkarainen, Mats Johansson
Summary: In this study, lignin was refined into narrow-dispersity and low molar mass fractions by microwave-assisted processing, followed by chemical modification and application in lignin-based thermosets. The chemically modified lignin showed successful allylation and could be cross-linked to produce thermosets.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ximena Lopez-Lorenzo, Heba Asem, Arne Stamm, Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan, Minna Hakkarainen, Per-Olof Syren
Summary: This study presents a sustainable method for the synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) through whole-cell mediated synthesis. By introducing the gene of P. thermopropionicum HmfF (PtHmfF) into E. coli, the UbiD-UbiX system is utilized to produce FDCA from 2-furoic acid (FA). The resulting whole-cell system enables the carboxylation of FA under mild conditions for the production of FDCA. Furthermore, enzymatic polycondensation catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is employed to generate FDCA-based biopolymers using enzymatically produced FDCA.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hyeri Kim, Giyoung Shin, Min Jang, Fritjof Nilsson, Minna Hakkarainen, Hyo Jung Kim, Sung Yeon Hwang, Junhyeok Lee, Sung Bae Park, Jeyoung Park, Dongyeop X. Oh, Hyeonyeol Jeon, Jun Mo Koo
Summary: Modern society faces an urgent need to address the accumulating plastic pollution, which has even infiltrated our food system. However, biodegradable alternatives often lack the necessary mechanical strength and commercial viability. Inspired by fine cuisine, a novel synthetic method called "seasoning" is introduced, which involves adding a small amount of a biobased multifunctional monomer to enhance the properties of poly(butylene succinate). With just 0.03 mol % of the biobased monomer, the seasoned plastic exhibits significantly improved oxygen barrier, high strength (86 MPa), and excellent elongation at break (654%). This innovative approach, which utilizes existing industrial production methods, has the potential to revolutionize the field of bioplastics and expand their applications.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Composites
Jenevieve Yao, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: This study demonstrates a microwave-assisted strategy to rapidly hydrophobize and functionalize wood flour in order to enhance its compatibility with novel wood-monomer derived photopolymer resins, allowing for complex and high resolution 3D printing of wood-polymer composites.
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Linnea Cederholm, Peter Olsen, Minna Hakkarainen, Karin Odelius
Summary: This study demonstrates the design of recyclable A-B-A block copolymers with different material properties using a thermodynamic toolkit based on cyclic monomer structure and solvent properties.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Blaise L. Tardy, Erlantz Lizundia, Chamseddine Guizani, Minna Hakkarainen, Mika H. Sipponen
Summary: Lignin is a natural polyphenol that provides trees with resistance and height. There is growing interest in using industrial lignin as a beneficial material. However, most of the industrially produced lignin is currently used as an energy source. To redirect its use towards material applications and avoid environmental issues, circularity needs to be considered.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Nejib Kasmi, Eva Backstrom, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: Intriguing high-performance polyimines (PI) were designed by recovering diamines from postconsumer PET bottles through microwave-assisted aminolysis. These PIs exhibited excellent thermal properties, super-high toughness and strength, and demonstrated recyclability to original building blocks or direct repolymerization under mild conditions. With easily tunable properties and closed-loop recyclability, these high performance thermoplastics have great potential as next-generation circular materials from recycled plastics waste.
RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan, Nasim Najjarzadeh, Sudarsana Reddy Vanga, Anna Liguori, Per-Olof Syren, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: Bio-based plastics have the potential to positively impact the environment, but to make a difference, they need to be managed and sustainably recycled. Chemical, mechanical, and/or organic recycling should be considered from the start. In this study, we synthesized vanillin-derived Schiff base monomers and corresponding polymers, which showed potential for chemical recycling and enzymatic degradation by PETase.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Naba Kumar Kalita, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: This review provides an overview of recent scientific advancements and innovations in integrating biodegradable polyesters into the circular economy. The focus is on different end-of-life management options for biodegradable polyesters, including mechanical, chemical, and organic recycling. It emphasizes the importance of rethinking and redesigning polymer materials to align with circular material flows and highlights the potential of biodegradable polyesters to be fully compatible with the principles of the circular economy. The development of polyesters with balanced material properties and appropriate disposal methods is a crucial step towards reducing and eliminating plastic waste accumulation.
CURRENT OPINION IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sathiyaraj Subramaniyan, Matteo Bergoglio, Marco Sangermano, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: In order to move towards a circular bioeconomy, a paradigm shift from traditional petroleum-based non-recyclable thermosets to biobased repeatedly recyclable materials is required. Two mechanically and chemically recyclable extended vanillin-derived epoxy thermosets were successfully fabricated by introducing Schiff-base/imine covalent dynamic bonds. These thermosets exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties, stability in common organic solvents, and the ability to be thermally reprocessed through compression molding. Furthermore, they could be rapidly and completely chemically recycled to water-soluble aldehydes and amines by imine hydrolysis in 0.1M HCl solution.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
S. Najmeh Mousavi, Mohsen Parchami, Sunil Kumar Ramamoorthy, Amir Mahboubi Soufiani, Minna Hakkarainen, Akram Zamani
Summary: Carrot pomace (CP), a byproduct of juice production, is rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, sugars, pectin, and minerals. Previous studies only focused on cellulose extraction, while this study aims to utilize all components of CP by converting it into fungal biomass and cellulose.
FERMENTATION-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Boyang Guo, Ximena Lopez-Lorenzo, Yuan Fang, Eva Backstrom, Antonio Jose Capezza, Sudarsan Reddy Vanga, Istvan Furo, Minna Hakkarainen, Per-Olof Syren
Summary: Recycling plastics is crucial for achieving a sustainable materials economy. Biocatalytic degradation of plastics using microwave irradiation as a pre-treatment process, followed by enzymatic reaction, shows promising results in improving substrate accessibility and increasing conversion yield.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Anna Liguori, Eugenia Oliva, Marco Sangermano, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: Four isosorbide-based photocurable resins were designed and their correlations with composition, chemical structure, DLP 3D printability, thermoset properties, and recyclability were investigated. The study revealed the significant impact of resin composition on printability and physical properties of the resulting thermosets. The research also highlighted the successful reprocessing or chemical recycling of ester-imine thermosets with preserved elastic modulus, emphasizing the role of ester functionality concentration in recycling.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Anna Liguori, Huan Xu, Doli Hazarika, Minna Hakkarainen
Summary: A non-equilibrium atmospheric plasma post-treatment method has been developed to enhance the surface coating of three-dimensional structures produced by digital light processing 3D printing. Compared to traditional UV-light post-treatment, the plasma post-treatment does not contribute to the curing process of the material, but increases its hydrophilicity and improves the uniformity of the coating.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Linnea Cederholm, Peter Olsen, Minna Hakkarainen, Karin Odelius
Summary: The influence of monomer structure on the solvent effect and the selective ring-closing depolymerization of polymer blends using catalyst selectivity have been investigated in this study. The results show that the chemical structure of the monomer affects the ability of the solvent to suppress the ceiling temperature. This study demonstrates the potential for chemical recycling and selective depolymerization in polymer blends.
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Jingmo Zhou, Shubin Wu, Ying Liu
Summary: Expenditure isolation of lignin and the understanding of its structural variations during different isolation processes are crucial for the high-value utilization of lignin. This study proposed a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride, ethylene glycol, and 4-chlorobenzene sulfonic acid for rapid lignin separation from poplar. The structural variations of DES lignin and its relationship with alkali pre-extraction of hemicellulose were investigated. The results showed that alkali pretreatment enhanced the DES separation of lignin and promoted the cleavage of specific linkages, resulting in reduced molecular weight and thermal stability of isolated DES lignin. Moreover, DES lignin obtained from integrated utilization displayed higher purity and S/G ratio compared to lignin obtained from direct DES treatment.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yuping Li, Ziyan Xie, Yun Huang, Jiangyi Zeng, Chao Yang, Ling Yuan, Ying Wang, Yongqing Li
Summary: In this study, the characteristic flavonoids (CFs) of three licorice species were identified through integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analysis. The key regulators of CF biosynthesis were also identified. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the biosynthesis of CFs and future breeding of Glycyrrhiza varieties.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xianjie Pan, Zhaoyi Luo, Fanqi Liu, Quanqian Yi, Yanning Zeng
Summary: This study presents a novel strategy for fabricating fully bio-based epoxy vitrimers using peach gum and itaconic acid, which exhibit superior mechanical properties and thermostability. The materials were characterized and the self-healing and recycling capabilities were evaluated. The results demonstrate the potential of using these materials for sustainable industrial applications.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Mohsen Sabzi-Nojadeh, Mohammad Pouresmaeil, Mina Amani, Mehdi Younessi-Hamzekhanlu, Filippo Maggi
Summary: This study shows that inoculating Summer savory plants with endophytic fungus Trichoderma harzianum can improve plant growth and increase salt tolerance. The fungus enhances growth, restores chlorophyll and antioxidant levels, reduces harmful substances, and increases proline and soluble sugar levels, thereby increasing crop productivity in saline conditions.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yu Liu, Lei Li, Aichen Zhao, Xiuming Song, Lulu Wei, Mengdi Fang, Chuchu Zheng, Xiaodong Zhu
Summary: This study investigates the impact of peppermint essential oil microcapsules on the unpleasant odor emissions from wax oil coated wood products. The results show that microcapsules can improve the time and stability of odor release.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Mesut Budak, Mirac Kilic, Hikmet Guenal, Ismail Velik, Mesut Sirri
Summary: This study assessed land suitability for rapeseed production using topography, climate, and soil data by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (MFIS). The study area covered land in the Diyarbakir province of southeastern Turkiye. The results indicated the proportions of different land suitability classes and showed the compatibility of AHP and MFIS methods in assessing suitability.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rui Tian, Yue Liu, Chao Wang, Weikun Jiang, Srinivas Janaswamy, Guihua Yang, Xingxiang Ji, Gaojin Lyu
Summary: In this study, hollow and solid lignin nanoparticles were synthesized through self-assembly and their application in PVA nanocomposite films was investigated. The results showed that the presence of hollow lignin nanoparticles in the films resulted in a room-like network structure, while the solid lignin nanoparticles induced different structural changes. The inclusion of LNPs improved the mechanical properties of the films, and both types of LNPs exhibited good hydrophobicity.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Marcos Vinicius Silva de Andrade, Simone Ribeiro Lucho, Renato Delmondez de Castro, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro
Summary: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, commonly known as stevia, is a widely cultivated shrub with highly sweetening metabolites. It has gained significant interest in the food and beverage industries due to its extremely sweet taste and various health benefits. Researchers are currently focused on studying biotechnological strategies to enhance the biosynthesis of stevia plant metabolites for improved cultivation and production.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Eleonora Cintura, Paulina Faria, Luisa Molari, Luca Barbaresi, Dario D'Orazio, Lina Nunes
Summary: This study investigated the properties of Arundo donax as a building material and found that it has strong adaptability, high hygroscopicity, and unique sound absorption behavior. The mechanical tests also demonstrated the applicability of the Arundo donax-based composite. This opens up new possibilities for the further application of Arundo donax-based materials.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Stiina Kotiranta, Juha-Matti Pihlava, Titta Kotilainen, Pauliina Palonen
Summary: The effect of light spectra, particularly far-red and short wavelength radiation, on the growth and secondary metabolites of cannabis is significant. Altering the R:FR ratio can increase the concentration and yield of secondary metabolites, while short wavelength radiation does not significantly affect plant morphology and secondary metabolite concentrations.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xuze Liu, Fangmin Liang, Jinyuan Cheng, Xuelian Zhou, Jia Wang, Guigan Fang, Kuizhong Shen, Xianzhi Meng, Chen Huang, Arthur J. Ragauskas
Summary: A novel Na2S-facilitated DES pretreatment method was proposed to fractionate moso bamboo, which achieved high lignin removal and preserved most cellulose and hemicellulose with excellent enzymatic digestibility.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Zechun Ren, Xinyuan Zhou, Kejiao Ding, Tong Ji, Hao Sun, Xiang Chi, Yunzhao Wei, Min Xu
Summary: This study prepared a thermal/magnetic/light-triggered multi-stimuli responsive shape memory polymer composite with excellent properties by adding magnetic nanoparticles into a polyurethane composite. The composite showed high shape recovery rate, fast response behavior, and suitability for 3D printing. Controllable external stimuli allowed for dynamic, remote, and precise control of 4D transformations. This work is significant for the design of smart materials and devices.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yurany Camacho Ardila, Jaiver Efren Jaimes Figueroa, Maria Regina Wolf Maciel
Summary: The higher heating value (HHV) and elemental composition are important properties of biomass, and their prediction using proximate and ultimate analysis is accurate.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xiaohan Chen, Xianke Wang, Lili Shang, Xinxin Ma, Changhua Fang, Benhua Fei, Huanrong Liu, Shuqin Zhang
Summary: This study focuses on the comprehensive characterization of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of bamboo parenchyma and the evaluation of its tensile and compressive properties, as well as the analysis of its failure mechanisms. The study found that the measured tensile strength and elastic modulus of the parenchyma tissue are 48.81 MPa and 706.48 MPa, respectively. Compression failure modes in parenchyma tissue encompass compression bending and cell fracture, shear failure of the middle lamella, and detachment and debonding of the cell wall.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Tianfeng Liu, Yuxin Liu, Yunlin Fu, Mengji Qiao, Penglian Wei, Zhigao Liu, Yingjian Li
Summary: This study explored the formation mechanism of agarwood induced by fungus and its potential application in high-quality and high-yielding agarwood production. The results showed that the transition layer played a critical role in the continuous accumulation of agarwood, and the parenchyma cells of the xylem rays and interxylary phloem were the main action site of fungus. The accumulation and distribution of chemical composition in different layers were also investigated. The study identified the drivers of specific compounds and provided a theoretical foundation for future agarwood production.
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
(2024)