Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL
Volume 67, Issue 1, Pages 158-166Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2019.2941133
Keywords
Transducers; Stress; Acoustics; Temperature sensors; Temperature measurement; Strain; Composite transducer; principal component regression (PCR); stress measurement; subsurface longitudinal (SSL)wave
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy [DE-NE0008708]
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This article aims to develop a stress-sensing method for a pressurized vessel based on subsurface longitudinal (SSL) waves confined in a specific waveform by using 1-3 composite transducers. Although ultrasonic SSL waves have been commonly utilized for stress sensing, wave excitation under the predefined function using the composite-type transmitter is not well studied. In this article, composite-type transducers having a wide frequency bandwidth ( 60) and a predominant thickness mode are utilized to enhance the signal intensity of the SSL wave and the accuracy of the sensor by incorporating a specific toneburst waveform. Finite element analysis demonstrates that the signal intensity of the composite-type transducer is up to 45.3 higher than that of a single-phase transducer. Pulse-echo tests reveal that the frequency bandwidth of the developed transducer reaches up to 60.7 and is, therefore, sufficient ( 57.0) to transmit and receive Hanning-windowed toneburst signals. Results of stress sensing affirm a linear relationship between the time delay of SSL wave and the mechanical stress of a pressurized vessel (0.335 ns/MPa). Accordingly, the regression model is constructed via principal component regression (PCR) under temperature-varying condition. PCR has a less significant degree of error (0.62 MPa) compared to that of a typical least square regression (9.49 MPa).
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