The NLRP3 inflammasome: a therapeutic target for inflammation-associated cancers

Introduction: Inflammasomes are large multimeric intracellular complexes that are capable of maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 beta and IL-18, in response to danger signal molecules. As a member of the inflammasome family, the NLRP3 inflammasome has recently been under intense investigation revealing its possible role in several human diseases especially cancers. Areas covered: In this review, we will discuss the biology and mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, its role in specific types of tumors and the novel therapeutic modalities targeting this complex. Expert opinion: The NLRP3 inflammasome and its components including the adapter apoptosis-associated speck-like (ASC) protein and caspase-1 impose different and sometimes contrasting effects in tumorigenesis depending on various contexts. Considering the novel role of this complex in the initiation and progression of neoplasia, the NLRP3 inflammasome and its pathways provide desirable therapeutic targets for prevention, treatment, and prognosis of certain types of cancer. To date, several agents have been introduced for this purpose, some of which have shown promising results in the clinic.