4.6 Article

Evolution mechanism of phase transformation of Li-rich cathode materials in cycling

Journal

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
Volume 328, Issue -, Pages -

Publisher

PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135109

Keywords

Li-ion rechargeable battery; Cathode material; Li-rich layered oxides; Phase transformation; Mechanism

Funding

  1. National Key Research and Development Program [2016YFB0100200]
  2. Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin [18JCZDJC31000]

Ask authors/readers for more resources

Conventional Li-rich layered oxides are composed of the intergrowth of LiMO2 R (3) over barm and Li2MnO3 C2/m phases, and provide high capacity as cathode materials for Li-ion rechargeable battery. However, the mechanism behind capacity and voltage fading still needs further understanding. In this work, based on intensive analysis on crystalline phase and interface of the classical Li-rich cathode material, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 during charge-discharge processes, especially in the initial charge process, evolution mechanism of oxygen loss-induced phase transformation is illustrated in details. The irreversible anionic redox contributes to the large voltage plateau at 4.5 V during initial charging. As a result, oxygen vacancies forming on the surface reduce the barrier of the migration of transition metal ions into Li layer, causing severe cation mixing and initiating the phase transformation from a layered structure to a spinel structure. Meanwhile, the removal of Li+ and O2- from Li2MnO3 component brings about changes in lattice parameters. The evolution mechanism can be described in stages: starting from the first charge as the initiation stage; Li/transition metal cations mixing will continue to increase due to the existence of oxygen vacancies in the next few cycles, accompanying with accelerated phase transformation process; then it becomes relatively moderate under the protection of CEI film while still with inevitable structural changes over long cycling, reaching the accumulation stage. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Authors

I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.

Reviews

Primary Rating

4.6
Not enough ratings

Secondary Ratings

Novelty
-
Significance
-
Scientific rigor
-
Rate this paper

Recommended

Review Chemistry, Physical

Insights into Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathode Materials with High Capacity: from Dimension to Lattice to Atom

Shao-Lun Cui, Ming-Yue Gao, Guo-Ran Li, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: Research on Li-rich cathode materials shows that understanding the phase transformation process from microscopic to macroscopic levels is crucial for solving capacity decline issues. By focusing on the relationship between dimensions and performance, phase transformation evolution, and anion participation in charge-discharge cycling, high-performance energy storage materials can be designed and structural stability enhanced.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

La2MoO6 as an Effective Catalyst for the Cathode Reactions of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Hafiz Muhammad Umair Arshad, Sheng Liu, Guo-Ran Li, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: In this study, La2MoO6 (LMO) is introduced as a catalyst into sulfur cathodes for the first time. By promoting the reaction kinetics of polysulfides, LMO effectively improves the discharge capacity and cycle stability of sulfur electrodes.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

High-Entropy Alloys to Activate the Sulfur Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Zhenyu Wang, Hailun Ge, Sheng Liu, Guoran Li, Xueping Gao

Summary: This study introduces a high-entropy alloy as a catalytic host to activate the electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode in lithium-sulfur batteries, enhancing the utilization of sulfur. The high-entropy alloy nanocrystallites on nitrogen-doped carbon exhibit high electrocatalytic activity, promoting the conversion of solid sulfur to soluble intermediate products and increasing the reversible capacity of the battery when the whole cathode is used as the active material.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS (2023)

Article Engineering, Environmental

A dimensionally stable lithium alloy based composite electrode for lithium metal batteries

Ying-Jun Zhang, Hue-Min Wang, Xue Liu, Chang Zhou, Guo-Ran Li, Sheng Liu, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: In this study, a lithium alloy-based composite electrode was successfully fabricated, which exhibited structural stability and improved performance in secondary lithium batteries.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A gel polymer electrolyte with Al2O3 nanofibers skeleton for lithium-sulfur batteries

Hui-Min Wang, Zhen-Yu Wang, Chang Zhou, Guo-Ran Li, Sheng Liu, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: In this study, researchers developed a functional gel polymer electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries. The electrolyte consists of a PVDF-HFP polymer matrix and a gamma-Al2O3 three-dimensional skeleton, providing structural and thermal stability. PVDF-HFP facilitates lithium-ion transport, while gamma-Al2O3 suppresses the shuttling of LiPs through strong interactions. Furthermore, gamma-Al2O3 improves ionic conductivity. This research offers a promising strategy for fabricating multifunctional gel electrolytes for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries.

SCIENCE CHINA-MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

A Polymer Electrolyte with High Cationic Transport Number for Safe and Stable Solid Li- Metal Batteries

Xinyuan Shan, Madison Morey, Zhenxi Li, Sheng Zhao, Shenghan Song, Zhenxue Xiao, Hao Feng, Shilun Gao, Guoran Li, Alexei P. Sokolov, Emily Ryan, Kang Xu, Ming Tian, Yi He, Huabin Yang, Peng-Fei Cao

Summary: This study presents a novel approach to design a high cationic transport polymer electrolyte (HTPE) by in situ copolymerization of regular ionic conducting and single-ion conducting monomers in the presence of a lithium salt. The developed HTPE exhibits impressive properties including high cationic transport number, high ionic conductivity, tolerance of high current density, and high anodic stability. A lithium-metal battery constructed with the developed HTPE shows good cycle stability and operates in a wide temperature range.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Fast Charge-Transport Interface on Primary Particles Boosts High- Rate Performance of Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathode Materials

Shao-Lun Cui, Zhen-Xue Xiao, Bai-Chuan Cui, Sheng Liu, Xue-Ping Gao, Guo-Ran Li

Summary: A Li-rich Mn-based layered oxide cathode (LLO) is a promising cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, it faces challenges such as sluggish kinetics, oxygen evolution, and structural degradation. In this study, an interfacial optimization of primary particles is proposed to improve ion and electron transport simultaneously. The modified interface containing AlPO4 and carbon enhances Li+ diffusion and reduces charge-transfer resistance, leading to improved charge-transport kinetics. The optimized LLO cathode exhibits a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.3% and superior high-rate stability with 88.2% capacity retention after 300 cycles at a 5C high rate.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2023)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Thermal tolerance of perovskite quantum dots dependent on A-site cation and surface ligand

Shuo Wang, Qian Zhao, Abhijit Hazarika, Simiao Li, Yue Wu, Yaxin Zhai, Xihan Chen, Joseph M. Luther, Guoran Li

Summary: A detailed picture of temperature dependent behavior of Cs(x)FA(1-x)PbI(3) perovskite quantum dots is constructed by in situ optical spectroscopic and structural measurements. The thermal degradation mechanism depends on both the exact chemical composition and the ligand binding energy. Cs-rich quantum dots undergo a phase transition from black gamma-phase to yellow delta-phase, while FA-rich quantum dots directly decompose into PbI2. Quantum dot growth is observed at elevated temperatures. FA-rich quantum dots exhibit stronger electron-longitudinal optical phonon coupling, leading to a higher probability of exciton dissociation compared to Cs-rich quantum dots. Surface ligand-induced strain enables full-range A-site tuning.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2023)

Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Lithiated Phosphoryl Cellulose Nanocrystals Enhance Cycling Stability and Safety of Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries

Baichuan Cui, Zhenxue Xiao, Shaolun Cui, Shuai Hao, Sheng Liu, Xueping Gao, Guoran Li

Summary: This study focuses on improving the cycling stability and safety of quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries by synthesizing lithiated phosphoryl cellulose nanocrystals (PCNC-Li) and incorporating them into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) gel polymer electrolyte. The PCNC-Li forms a uniform network structure on the surface of PVDF membranes, regulating the transport of lithium ions and enhancing the stability of the lithium anode interface. Additionally, the PCNC-Li coating layer improves the thermal stability and mechanical strength of PVDF membranes, thus enhancing the safety of lithium metal batteries. This work provides a new option for fabricating a better composite gel polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2023)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Morphology Control of Li2S Deposition via Geometrical Effect of Cobalt-Edged Nickel Alloy to Improve Performance of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Yicheng Jiang, Sheng Liu, Xueping Gao, Guoran Li

Summary: In this work, cobalt-edged nickel alloy is designed as a host material for sulfur cathodes in lithium-sulfur batteries to manipulate the behavior and morphology of Li2S deposition. The difference in catalytic kinetic characteristics of Co and Ni and the geometrical effect of Co-edged Ni alloy result in a well-spaced morphology, preventing premature surface passivation and improving sulfur utilization and rate capability of the cathodes. This study provides insights for developing new host materials and understanding the existing works in lithium-sulfur batteries.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

An in situ fabricated multifunctional gel electrolyte for lithium-sulfur batteries

Hui-Min Wang, En-De Fu, Guo-Ran Li, Sheng Liu, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: A multifunctional gel polymer electrolyte (ANPD-GPE) composed of Nafion-coated Al2O3 nanofibers and in-situ polymerized 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) was fabricated to improve the performance of high-energy lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The ANPD-GPE effectively solves the issues of polysulfide shuttle, unstable lithium anode, and safety hazards in traditional liquid electrolytes. The ANPD-GPE demonstrates improved electrochemical performance in terms of cathode cyclability and lithium anode stability.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

High-Entropy Oxide Nanofibers as Catalytic Host Promising High Volumetric Capacity of Sulfur-Based Composites for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Ya-Qi Wang, Hui-Min Wang, Yi-Cheng Jiang, Guo-Ran Li, Sheng Liu, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: In this study, high-entropy oxide (HEO) nanofibers were used as sulfur hosts for the first time, showing good rate capacity and cycling stability due to strong chemical interaction with lithium polysulfides. The tap density of the sulfur/HEO composite was also significantly higher than that of the sulfur/CNT composite, leading to a higher volumetric capacity. This research provides a promising strategy for improving the volumetric energy density and electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries.

ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS (2023)

Article Chemistry, Physical

Inverse-opal structured TiO2 regulating electrodeposition behavior to enable stable lithium metal electrodes

Xuewen Wu, Shaolun Cui, Minfei Fei, Sheng Liu, Xueping Gao, Guoran Li

Summary: In this work, an inverse-opal structured TiO2 membrane is designed to regulate the electrodeposition behavior of lithium metal, providing a fundamental solution to the poor cycle stability and lithium dendrite safety problems. Through homogenizing the mass transfer process, reducing the desolvation barrier, and confining the migration of lithium atoms, the electrodeposition process of lithium metal is essentially changed, eliminating the possibility of lithium dendrite formation.

GREEN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT (2023)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Building the Stable Oxygen Framework in High-Ni Layered Oxide Cathode for High-Energy-Density Li-Ion Batteries

Yang-Yang Wang, Yu-Yang Wang, Sheng Liu, Guo-Ran Li, Zhen Zhou, Ning Xu, Meng-Tao Wu, Xue-Ping Gao

Summary: This study demonstrates a feasible approach to enhance the stability of high-Ni layered oxide cathodes by immobilizing surface oxygen with yttrium and stabilizing bulk oxygen with aluminum. The stabilized oxygen framework reduces structure deterioration, parasitic reactions, and potential polarization during battery operation, leading to high reversible capacity, impressive cycle ability, and improved thermal stability. The synergistic effect of yttrium and aluminum, with strong oxygen affinities, raises the energy barrier for oxygen evolution and contributes to the enhanced electrochemical performance of high-Ni oxide cathodes.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

High-Entropy Spinel Oxide Nanofibers as Catalytic Sulfur Hosts Promise the High Gravimetric and Volumetric Capacities for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Li Yuan Tian, Ze Zhang, Sheng Liu, Guo-Ran Li, Xue Ping Gao

Summary: The use of high-entropy oxide nanofibers as a catalytic host for sulfur in lithium-sulfur batteries leads to high gravimetric capacities, excellent rate capability, and desirable cycle stability. The composite also demonstrates ideal sulfur utilization and good cycle stability under harsh operating conditions, achieving a high volumetric capacity due to its high tap density.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS (2022)

Article Electrochemistry

Recent advances in Bio-mass by electrochemically strategies generated hydrogen gas production: Environmentally sustainable technologies innovation

Abdul Qayoom Mugheri, Shaista Khan, Ali Asghar Sangah, Aijaz Ahmed Bhutto, Muhammad Younis Laghari, Nadeem Ahmed Mugheri, Asif Ali Jamali, Arsalan Ahmed Mugheri, Nagji Sodho, Abdul Waheed Mastoi, Aftab Kandhro

Summary: Green hydrogen has the potential to transition to a pollution-free energy infrastructure. This study proposes a solution to produce hydrogen during the photoelectrochemical process, offering greater stability and control over chemical reactions. Techno-economic assessments show the efficiency and economic feasibility of co-producing value-added chemicals to enhance green hydrogen production.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

ACGNet: An interpretable attention crystal graph neural network for accurate oxidation potential prediction

Danpeng Cheng, Wuxin Sha, Qigao Han, Shun Tang, Jun Zhong, Jinqiao Du, Jie Tian, Yuan-Cheng Cao

Summary: LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 (NCM) is a critical cathode material for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The aging of cathode/electrolyte interfaces leads to capacity degradation and long-term cycle instability. A novel neural network model called ACGNet is developed to predict electrochemical stability windows of crystals, allowing for high-throughput screening of coating materials. LiPO3 is identified as a promising coating material with high oxidation voltage and low cost, which significantly improves the cycle stability of NCM batteries. This study demonstrates the accuracy and potential of machine learning in battery materials.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Enhanced electrochemical performance of CuO/NiO/rGO for oxygen evolution reaction

P. Mohana, R. Yuvakkumar, G. Ravi, S. Arunmetha

Summary: This study successfully fabricates a non-noble CuO/NiO/rGO nanocomposite and investigates its electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline environment. The experimental results demonstrate that the electrocatalyst exhibits high activity and good stability, offering a new synthetic approach for sustainable energy production.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Carbon nanofibers implanted porous catalytic metal oxide design as efficient bifunctional electrode host material for lithium-sulfur battery

Qiong Qu, Jing Guo, Hongyu Wang, Kai Zhang, Jingde Li

Summary: In this study, a bifunctional electrode host design consisting of carbon nanofibers implanted ordered porous Co-decorated Al2O3 supported on carbon nanotube film (CNTF) was proposed to address the shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and dendrite formation of metal lithium anode in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. The electrode exhibited excellent conductivity, efficient confinement of LiPSs, and catalytic conversion performance, resulting in high initial capacity and good capacity retention during cycling. As an anode, the electrode showed excellent Li+ diffusion performance and uniform lithium growth behavior, achieving a dendrite-free lithium electrode. The flexible pack cell assembled from these electrodes delivered a specific capacity of 972 mAh g(-1) with good capacity retention.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Spray coating of carbon nanoparticles as an effective and scalable method to enhance the performance of stainless steel anode in microbial electrochemical systems

Hong Zhang, Jin-Peng Yu, Chen Chen, Cheng-Yong Shu, Guang-Yu Xu, Jie Ren, Kai Cui, Wen-Fang Cai, Yun-Hai Wang, Kun Guo

Summary: Spray coating of acetylene black nanoparticles onto stainless steel mesh can enhance its biofilm formation ability and current density, making it a promising electrode material for microbial electrochemical systems. The spray coating method is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for large-size stainless steel electrodes.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Electrochemical properties of Li-rich ternary cathode material Li1.20Mn0.44Ni0.32Co0.04O2 and its oxygen-deficient phase

Binpeng Hou, Jingjin Chen, Li-Hong Zhang, Xiaowen Shi, Zizhong Zhu

Summary: The electrochemical performance of Li1.20Mn0.44Ni0.32Co0.04O2 and its oxygen-deficient phase Li1.20Mn0.44Ni0.32Co0.04O1.83 was studied through first-principles calculations. The results show that the oxygen-deficient phase has a higher theoretical capacity but lower voltage platform and higher chemical activity compared to the pristine phase.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Post-mortem analysis of the Li-ion battery with charge/discharge deterioration in high- and low-temperature environments

Yating Du, Sayoko Shironita, Daisuke Asakura, Eiji Hosono, Yoshitsugu Sone, Yugo Miseki, Eiichi Kobayashi, Minoru Umeda

Summary: This study investigates the effect of high- and low-temperature environments on the charge-discharge performance of a Li-ion battery. The deterioration mechanisms of the battery at different temperatures are analyzed through various characterization techniques. The results indicate that the battery performance deteriorates more significantly at a low-temperature environment of 5 degrees C compared to higher temperatures. The understanding of the deterioration mechanisms can contribute to the development of safer battery usage methods.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

A Co3O4-x/Co nanocomposite with synergistically enhanced electrochemical activity for reduction of nitrite to ammonia

Si-Si Shi, Zhi-Xiang Yuan, Fei Zhang, Ping Chen

Summary: In this study, a new nano-electrocatalyst was prepared, which exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of NO2- to ammonia in a neutral electrolyte, potentially due to the synergistic enhancement between Co3O4-x and Co.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Facile fabrication of NaOH nanorods on pencil graphite electrode for simultaneous electrochemical detection of natural antioxidants by deep eutectic solvent

Berna Dalkiran, Havva Bekirog

Summary: This study reports the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on ethylene glycol and urea as low-cost and green electrolytes for enhancing electrochemical detection of natural antioxidants. The study successfully developed a disposable and effective electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA) and gallic acid (GA) using NaOH nanorods on a pencil graphite electrode. The proposed electrode showed improved analytical performance, with higher peak currents and shifted oxidation potentials in DES compared to BR buffer medium.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

A three-dimensional fibrous tungsten-oxide/carbon composite derived from natural cellulose substance as an anodic material for lithium-ion batteries

Sijun Ren, Jianguo Huang

Summary: In this study, a novel bio-inspired nanofibrous WO3/carbon composite was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The three-dimensional network structure of the composite alleviated the volume expansion of WO3 nanorods and enhanced the charge-transport kinetics. The optimized composite exhibited superior lithium storage properties.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Stabilizing the dissolution kinetics by interstitial Zn cations in CoMoO4 for oxygen evolution reaction at high potential

Zhilong Zheng, Yu Chen, Hongxia Yin, Hengbo Xiao, Xiangji Zhou, Zhiwen Li, Ximin Li, Jin Chen, Songliu Yuan, Junjie Guo, Haibin Yu, Zhen Zhang, Lihua Qian

Summary: This study found that interstitial Zn cations in CoMoO4 can modulate the dissolution kinetics of Mo cations and improve the OER performance. The interstitial Zn cations can prevent the dissolution of Co cations at high potential, enhancing the durability of the catalyst.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Molecular insights on optimizing nanoporous carbon-based supercapacitors with various electrolytes

Xiaobo Lin, Shern R. Tee, Debra J. Searles, Peter T. Cummings

Summary: Molecular dynamics simulations using the constant potential method were used to investigate the charging dynamics and charge storage of supercapacitors. The simulations revealed that the water-in-salt electrolyte exhibited the highest charge storage and significantly higher capacitance on the negative electrode. The varying contributions of different electrode regions to supercapacitor performance were also demonstrated.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Interaction between bilirubin oxidase and Au nanoparticles distributed over dimpled titanium foil towards oxygen reduction reaction

Wiktoria Lipinska, Vita Saska, Katarzyna Siuzdak, Jakub Karczewski, Karol Zaleski, Emerson Coy, Anne de Poulpiquet, Ievgen Mazurenko, Elisabeth Lojou

Summary: The spatial distribution of enzymes on electrodes is important for bioelectrocatalysis. In this study, controlled spatial distribution of gold nanoparticles on Ti nanodimples was achieved. The efficiency of enzymatic O2 reduction was found to be influenced by the size of the gold nanoparticles and their colocalization with TiO2. The highest stability of enzymatic current was observed with the largest gold nanoparticles.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Electrochemical supercapacitor and water splitting electrocatalysis applications of self-grown amorphous Ni(OH)2 nanosponge-balls

Tariq M. Al-Hejri, Zeenat A. Shaikh, Ahmed H. Al-Naggar, Siddheshwar D. Raut, Tabassum Siddiqui, Hamdan M. Danamah, Vijaykumar V. Jadhav, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, Rajaram S. Mane

Summary: This study explores a promising self-growth approach for the synthesis of nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) nanosponge-balls on the surface of a nickel-foam (NiF) electrode. The modified NiF electrode, named Ni(OH)2@NiF, shows distinctive nanosponge-ball morphology and demonstrates excellent energy storage capability and electrocatalytic performance in both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)

Article Electrochemistry

Versatile mixed ionic-electronic conducting binders for high-power, high-energy batteries

Rafael Del Olmo, Gregorio Guzman-Gonzalez, Oihane Sanz, Maria Forsyth, Nerea Casado

Summary: The use of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly extensive, and it is important to optimize the devices to achieve their maximum practical specific capacity. In this study, mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) binders based on PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT: PDADMA-TFSI were developed for Li-ion cathodes, and their performance was compared with conventional formulations. The influence of electrode formulations, including the addition of conducting carbon and an Organic Ionic Plastic Cristal (OIPC), was also analyzed. The proposed binders showed improved performance compared to conventional formulations with different electrolyte types and active materials.

ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA (2024)