Elevation of serum ferritin levels for predicting a poor outcome in hospitalized patients with in fl uenza infection

Objectives: There is increasing evidence that ferritin is a key marker of macrophage activation, but its potential role in influenza infection remains unexplored. Our aim was to assess whether hyper-ferritinaemia (ferritin >= 500 ng/mL) could be a marker of poor prognosis in hospitalized patients with confirmed influenza A infection. Methods: We prospectively recruited all hospitalized adult patients who tested positive for the influenza A rRT-PCR assay performed on respiratory samples in two consecutive influenza periods (2016-17 and 2017-18). Poor outcome was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: respiratory failure, admission to the intensive care unit, or in-hospital mortality. Results: Among 494 patients, 68 (14%) developed poor outcomes; 112 patients (23%) had hyper-ferritinaemia (39/68, 57% in the poor-outcome group versus 73/426, 17% in the remaining patients, p < 0.0001). Median serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in the subgroup of patients with poor outcomes (609 ng/mL, range 231-967 versus 217 ng/mL, range 140-394, p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, hyperferritinaemia was associated with a five-fold increase in the odds ratio of developing poor outcome. After adjusting for classic influenza risk factors, ferritin remained as a significant predictive factor in all exploratory models. Ferritin levels had a good discriminative capacity with an area under the ROC curve of 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65-0.8, p < 0.001) and an overall diagnostic accuracy for predicting poor outcome of 79.3% (95%CI 75.4-82.7%). Conclusions: Serum ferritin may discriminate a subgroup of patients with influenza infection who have a higher risk of developing a poor outcome. (c) 2020 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.