Journal
CHEMCATCHEM
Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 1341-1349Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901966
Keywords
gamma-Valerolactone; Ethyl Valerate; heterogeneous catalysis; promoted Ni; H-ZSM-5; in situ FTIR
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Funding
- Leibniz-DAAD program
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Promoter (Cr, Mo and W) modified Ni/ZSM-5 catalysts were explored in the vapor phase conversion of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) to ethyl valerate (EV; gasoline blender) at atmospheric pressure. Among the three different promoters (Cr, Mo and W) tested the Mo-modified catalyst was found to be the best candidate. In addition, this catalyst was found to be stable up to 50 h reaction time with an insignificant decrease in activity. The good catalytic performance is related to an optimal ratio of acid and hydrogenation functions provided by Ni2+ and Ni-0, respectively. In situ FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed a strong adsorption of GVL on all catalysts which quickly reacts with dosed ethanol by formation of EV, most pronounced on the Mo-modified catalyst, while VA was identified as side product. These findings suggest the preferred GVL ring opening by cracking the C-O bond on the methyl side of the GVL molecule on this type of catalysts leading to pentenoic acid as intermediate, which is quickly hydrogenated and esterified.
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