Journal
BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY
Volume 182, Issue 6, Pages 1331-1342Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18643
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Funding
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Career Development Fellowship [CDF-2014-07-037]
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London
- AbbVie
- Amgen
- Asana
- Celgene
- Chugai
- Dermavant
- Dermira
- Eli Lilly
- Galderma
- Incyte
- LEO Pharma
- Kyowa Kirin
- Novartis
- Pierre Fabre
- Pfizer
- Sanofi Genzyme
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Sienna
- Valeant
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Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an increased risk of bacterial skin infections, which cause significant morbidity and, if untreated, may become systemic. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin of most patients with AD and is the most common organism to cause infections. Overt bacterial infection is easily recognized by the appearance of weeping lesions, honey-coloured crusts and pustules. However, the wide variability in clinical presentation of bacterial infection in AD and the inherent features of AD - cutaneous erythema and warmth, oozing associated with oedema, and regional lymphadenopathy - overlap with those of infection, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, some features may be masked because of anatomical site- and skin-type-specific features, and the high frequency of S. aureus colonization in AD makes positive skin swab culture of suspected infection unreliable as a diagnostic tool. The host mechanisms and microbial virulence factors that underlie S. aureus colonization and infection in AD are incompletely understood. The aim of this article is to present the latest evidence from animal and human studies, including recent microbiome research, to define the clinical features of bacterial infections in AD, and to summarize our current understanding of the host and bacterial factors that influence microbial colonization and virulence.
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