Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 12, Issue 10, Pages 12275-12284Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20988
Keywords
perovskite solar cells; hysteresis; ferroelectricity; excited-state electronic dynamics; orientation selectivity; electron-hole recombination
Funding
- National Key Basic Research Program of China
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Science Foundation of American
- U.S. Army Research Office
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Despite the booming research in organometal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) of recent years, considerable roadblocks remain for their large-scale deployment, ranging from undesirable current-voltage hysteresis to inferior device stability. Among various plausible origins of hysteresis, interfacial ferroelectricity is particularly intriguing and warrants a close scrutiny. Here, we examine interfacial ferroelectricity in MAPbI(3) (FAPbI(3))/TiO2 and MAPbI(3)/phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) heterostructures and explore the correlations between the interfacial ferroelectricity and the hysteresis from the perspective of nonadiabatic electronic dynamics. It is found that the ferroelectric order develops at the MAPbI(3)/TiO2 interface owing to the interaction between the polar MA ions and TiO2. The polarization switching of the MA ions under an applied gate field would drastically result in different rates in interfacial photoelectron injection and electron-hole recombination, contributing to the undesirable hysteresis. In sharp contrast, ferroelectricity is suppressed at the FAPbI(3)/TiO2 and MAPbI(3)/PCBM interfaces, thanks to elimination of the interfacial electric field between perovskite and TiO2 via substitution of strong polar MA (dipole moment: 2.29 debye) by weak polar FA ions (dipole moment: 0.29 debye) and interface passivation, leading to consistent interfacial electronic dynamics and the absence of hysteresis. The present work sheds light on the physical cause for hysteresis and points to the direction to which the hysteresis could be mitigated in PSCs.
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