Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 11, Issue 51, Pages 47739-47749Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17427
Keywords
polymeric carbon nitride; lateral size distribution; internalization; biocompatibility; atomic force microscopy; confocal laser microscopy
Funding
- National Science Centre within SONATA program [2015/19/D/ST5/01920]
- National Science Centre within MINITURA program [2018/02/X/NZ3/00161]
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Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), which demonstrates unique properties, has been widely explored, mostly in photocatalysis; however, the evaluation of its biocompatibility is still needed. Herein, the cytocompatibility of PCN with different lateral size distributions (A-PCN with 160 nm, B-PCN with 20 nm, and C-PCN with 10 nm dominating lateral sizes) was investigated. The viability of three cell lines (L929, MCF-7, and HepG2) has been determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), neutral red uptake (NRU), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage assays. It was found that the highest cytotoxicity of PCN was observed for flakes with a lateral size of similar to 20 nm (B-PCN) in three cell lines after 48 h of exposition. The uptake process of B-PCN sheets labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) by cells was also the most effective. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed the nanomaterial distribution throughout the cytoplasm and perinuclear region. The results demonstrated the correlation among size, internalization process, and cytocompatibility of the tested polymeric carbon nitride structures.
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