Journal
METABOLITES
Volume 9, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/metabo9110254
Keywords
phenyl-gamma-valerolactone; phenylvaleric acid; flavan-3ols; proanthocyanidins; apples; urine; LC-MS; MS; LC-MS; metabolic phenotype
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Funding
- Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR), Italy [CUP D43C17000100006]
- German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) [2814ERA03E]
- Joint Action Biomarkers in Nutrition and Health, Project Foodball Alliance (FoodBAll) under EU Joint Programming Initiative A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life (JPI HDHL)
- BBSRC [BB/P028225/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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Flavan-3-ols are dietary bioactive molecules that have beneficial effects on human health and reduce the risk of various diseases. Monomeric flavan-3-ols are rapidly absorbed in the small intestine and released in the blood stream as phase II conjugates. Polymeric flavan-3-ols are extensively metabolized by colonic gut microbiota into phenyl-gamma-valerolactones and their related phenylvaleric acids. These molecules are the main circulating metabolites in humans after the ingestion of flavan-3-ol rich-products; nevertheless, they have received less attention and their role is not understood yet. Here, we describe the quantification of 8 phenyl-gamma-valerolactones and 3 phenylvaleric acids in the urine of 11 subjects on consumption of apples by using UHPLC-ESI-Triple Quad-MS with pure reference compounds. Phenyl-gamma-valerolactones, mainly as sulfate and glucuronic acid conjugates, reached maximum excretion between 6 and 12 after apple consumption, with a decline thereafter. Significant differences were detected in the cumulative excretion rates within subjects and in the ratio of dihydroxyphenyl-gamma-valerolactone sulfate to glucuronide conjugates. This work observed for the first time the presence of two distinct metabotypes with regards to the excretion of phenyl-gamma-valerolactone phase II conjugates.
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