Biological Deep Temperature Imaging with Fluorescence Lifetime of Rare-Earth-Doped Ceramics Particles in the Second NIR Biological Window

Contactless thermal imaging generally relies on mid-infrared cameras and fluorescence imaging with temperature-sensitive phosphors. Fluorescent thermometry in the near-infrared (NIR) region is an emerging technique for analysing deep biological tissues but still requires observation depth calibration. We present an NIR fluorescence time-gated imaging (TGI) thermometry technology based on fluorescence lifetime, an intrinsic fluorophore time constant unrelated to observation depth. Fluorophore used is NaYF4 co-doped with Nd3+ and Yb3+ that emits fluorescence at 1000 nm. An agarose gel-based phantom with the fluorophore embedded at a 5-mm depth was covered by sheets of meat to vary the observation depth. The temperature was determined independently from depth by sequences of NIR fluorescence decay images, and the rate of change in the fluorescence lifetime per temperature was almost constant (-0.0092 - -0.010 degrees C-1) at depths ranging from 0 to 1.4 mm of meat, providing non-contact and absolute measurements of temperature in deep biological tissues.