Resolving evolutionary relationships among six closely related taxa of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus) with targeted resequencing data

Recently diverged taxa are often characterised by high rates of introgressive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting, both of which can complicate phylogenetic reconstructions of species histories. Here we use a sequence capture approach to obtain genome-wide data to resolve the evolutionary relationships, and infer the extent and timescale of hybridization and introgression events, among six recently diverged taxa of the horseshoe bat species complexes Rhinolophus sinicus and R. thomasi. We show that two different methods of species tree reconstruction applied to a set of similar to 1500 nuclear loci all recover species trees with similar topologies, differing from the previous phylogeny based on two nuclear loci. By comparing the tree topology obtained from the nuclear loci with that inferred from the mitochondrial genome, we observed at least three cases of conflict, each of which likely results from past introgression. Of these, the occurrence of a highly similar mitogenome sequence shared by individuals of two taxa in a sympatric region points to very recent mtDNA introgression. The other cases are characterised by greater divergence and strong phylogeographic structure among putative introgressed individuals and their source populations, and thus likely reflect more ancient hybridization events. These results also suggest that two of the subspecies (R. s. septentrionalis and the undescribed taxon R. s. ssp) are likely to represent full species, warranting full taxonomic descriptions. This work adds a growing number of studies showing the potential problems of relying solely on mitochondrial sequences, or a limited number of loci, to infer phylogenetic relationships among recently diverged taxa.